Table 2.
Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for bladder cancer according to coffee intake in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study by sex
| 1 cup/day increase | Coffee Intake (cups/day)
|
P-trend | P sex-heterogeneityd | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model adjustments | None (ref.)a | ≤1 | 2 to 3 | ≥4 | |||
| Overall (N= 469 047) | 0.92 | ||||||
| No. cases | 6012 | 383 | 1656 | 2720 | 1253 | ||
| Age, sex | 1.13 (1.11–1.15) | 1.00 | 1.20 (1.08–1.35) | 1.53 (1.38–1.70) | 1.91 (1.70–2.14) | <0.0001 | |
| Age, sex, smokingb | 1.04 (1.02–1.05) | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.96–1.20) | 1.17 (1.05–1.31) | 1.21 (1.07–1.36) | 0.0001 | |
| Multivariable-adjustedc | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.94–1.18) | 1.13 (1.02–1.27) | 1.18 (1.05–1.33) | 0.0007 | |
| Men (n= 279 290) | |||||||
| No. cases | 5088 | 286 | 1390 | 2319 | 1093 | ||
| Age | 1.13 (1.11–1.15) | 1.00 | 1.31 (1.16–1.49) | 1.64 (1.45–1.85) | 2.04 (1.79–2.32) | <0.0001 | |
| Age, smokingb | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | 1.00 | 1.16 (1.02–1.31) | 1.25 (1.10–1.41) | 1.29 (1.13–1.47) | 0.0004 | |
| Multivariable-adjustedc | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 1.00 | 1.14 (1.00–1.29) | 1.20 (1.06–1.36) | 1.25 (1.09–1.43) | 0.002 | |
| Women (n= 189 757) | |||||||
| No. cases | 924 | 97 | 266 | 401 | 160 | ||
| Age | 1.13 (1.08–1.17) | 1.00 | 0.87 (0.69–1.10) | 1.21 (0.97–1.51) | 1.57 (1.22–2.02) | <0.0001 | |
| Age, smokingb | 1.03 (0.98–1.07) | 1.00 | 0.81 (0.64–1.02 | 0.96 (0.77–1.20) | 0.98 (0.76–1.27) | 0.13 | |
| Multivariable-adjustedc | 1.03 (0.98–1.07) | 1.00 | 0.79 (0.62–1.00) | 0.93 (0.74–1.17) | 0.97 (0.74–1.26) | 0.13 | |
Referent group was non-drinkers of coffee
Smoking adjustment included baseline cigarette smoking status (current, former, or never), number of cigarettes smoked per day (1–10, 11–20, 21–30, 31–40, 41–60, or ≥60), time since quitting among former smokers (≥1 to 4, 5 to 9, or ≥10 years before baseline), and having ever smoked pipes or cigars (yes or no)
Multivariable models adjusted for age at study baseline (continuous), sex, smokingb, race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, or Asian/Pacific Islander/American Indian/Alaskan Native), body mass index (<18.5, 18.5 to <25, 25 to <30, or ≥30 kg/m2), level of education (≤ high school graduate, some college, or college graduate), alcohol consumption (0, <1, 1–2, or ≥3 drinks/day), self-reported general health status (excellent/very good, good, or fair/poor), total energy intake (kcal/day, continuous), nutrient density-adjusted fruit intake (servings/day, continuous), nutrient-density-adjusted vegetable intake (servings/day, continuous), supplement use (yes or no), physical activity (never/rarely, 1–3 times/month, 1–2 times/week, 3–4 times/week, ≥5 times/week), history of diabetes (yes or no), and family history of cancer (yes or no)
P-value for likelihood ratio test comparing models with and without cross-product term for sex and continuous coffee drinking variable