Table 4.

Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for bladder cancer according to coffee intake in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study among those with information on lifetime cigarette smoking intensity (N = 250 716)

Model adjustments	1 cup/day increase	Coffee Intake (cups/day)				P-trend
Model adjustments	1 cup/day increase	None (ref.)^a	≤1	2 to 3	≥4	P-trend
No. cases	3263	210	889	1528	636
Age and sex^b	1.12 (1.10–1.15)	1.00	1.22 (1.05–1.42)	1.60 (1.39–1.85)	1.84 (1.57–2.15)	<0.001
Baseline tobacco smoking^b^,^c	1.03 (1.01–1.05)	1.00	1.07 (0.92–1.25)	1.22 (1.06–1.42)	1.17 (0.99–1.37)	0.02
Cigarette smoking use and intensity in each age group^b^,^d	1.04 (1.01–1.06)	1.00	1.06 (0.91–1.23)	1.21 (1.04–1.40)	1.18 (1.01–1.39)	0.005
Baseline tobacco smoking and cigarette smoking use and intensity in each age group^b^,^c^,^d	1.02 (1.00–1.05)	1.00	1.06 (0.91–1.23)	1.19 (1.03–1.38)	1.13 (0.96–1.32)	0.06
Final multivariable-adjusted^b^,^c^,^d^,^e	1.02 (1.00–1.04)	1.00	1.05 (0.90–1.22)	1.15 (0.99–1.34)	1.09 (0.93–1.29)	0.16

Referent group was non-drinkers of coffee

Adjusted for age at study baseline (continuous) and sex

Additionally adjusted for baseline cigarette smoking, which was defined as number of cigarettes smoked per day (1–10, 11–20, 21–30, 31–40, 41–60, or ≥60) among current and former smokers, and time since quitting among former smokers (≥1 to 4, 5 to 9, or ≥10 years before baseline), and having ever smoked pipes or cigars (yes or no)

Additionally adjusted for cigarettes smoked per day (none, less than 1, 1 to 10, 11 to 20, 21 to 30, 31 to 40, 41 to 60, or ≥60) by age group (less than 15 years old, 15 to 19 years old, 20 to 24 years old, 25 to 29 years old, 30 to 39 years old, 40 to 49 years old, 50 to 59 years old, 60 to 69 years old, and 70 years and older)

Additionally adjusted for race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, or Asian/Pacific Islander/American Indian/Alaskan Native), body mass index (<18.5, 18.5 to <25, 25 to <30, or ≥30 kg/m2), level of education (≤ high school graduate, some college, or college graduate), alcohol consumption (0, <1, 1–2, or ≥3 drinks/day), self-reported general health status (excellent/very good, good, or fair/poor), total energy intake (kcal/day, continuous), nutrient density-adjusted fruit intake (servings/day, continuous), nutrient-density-adjusted vegetable intake (servings/day, continuous), supplement use (yes or no), physical activity (never/rarely, 1–3 times/month, 1–2 times/week, 3–4 times/week, ≥5 times/week), history of diabetes (yes or no), and family history of cancer (yes or no)