Table 3.
Associations with fruit and vegetable consumption (outcome) and main exposures of interest and confounding variables
| N (%) | N (%) low fruit and veg | N (%) medium fruit and veg | N (%) high fruit and veg | Unadjusted | Confounder adjusted | Mutually adjusted | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p-value (trend) | OR | 95% CI | p-value (trend) | OR | 95% CI | p-value (trend) | |||||
| Area-level exposures of interest | |||||||||||||
| Density of shops selling fruit and vegetables | 0.77 | 0.95 | 0.84 | ||||||||||
| 0 (no shops) | 847 (42.2) | 280 (33.1) | 289 (34.1) | 278 (32.8) | 1.00 | (ref) | 1.00 | (ref) | 1.00 | (ref) | |||
| 1 (fewer shops) | 688 (34.3) | 225 (32.7) | 209 (30.4) | 254 (36.9) | 1.05 | 0.86, 1.27 | 1.04 | 0.85, 1.27 | 0.96 | 0.74, 1.25 | |||
| 2 (more shops) | 472 (23.5) | 163 (34.5) | 167 (35.4) | 142 (30.1) | 0.96 | 0.78, 1.18 | 0.98 | 0.79, 1.22 | 0.97 | 0.72, 1.31 | |||
| Density of fast food outlets | 0.65 | 0.49 | 0.25 | ||||||||||
| 0 (no fast food outlets) | 1193 (59.4) | 401 (33.6) | 400 (33.5) | 392 (32.9) | 1.00 | 0.00, 0.00 | 1.00 | (ref) | 1.00 | (ref) | |||
| 1 (fewer fast food outlets) | 503 (25.1) | 163 (32.4) | 156 (31.0) | 184 (36.6) | 1.03 | 0.84, 1.26 | 1.05 | 0.86, 1.30 | 1.08 | 0.83, 1.41 | |||
| 2 (more fast food outlets) | 311 (15.5) | 104 (33.4) | 109 (35.1) | 98 (31.5) | 1.05 | 0.83, 1.33 | 1.08 | 0.85, 1.38 | 1.22 | 0.87, 1.72 | |||
| Diversity of food retail environmenta | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.34 | ||||||||||
| 0 (no food retail outlets present) | 437 (21.8) | 157 (35.9) | 154 (35.2) | 126 (28.8) | 1.00 | (ref) | 1.00 | (ref) | 1.00 | (ref) | |||
| 1 (low diversity) | 904 (45.0) | 291 (32.2) | 296 (32.7) | 317 (35.1) | 1.19 | 0.96, 1.47 | 1.19 | 0.96, 1.49 | 1.31 | 1.00, 1.71 | |||
| 2 (high diversity) | 666 (33.2) | 220 (33.0) | 215 (32.3) | 231 (34.7) | 1.13 | 0.90, 1.42 | 1.14 | 0.90, 1.43 | 1.22 | 0.83, 1.79 | |||
| Confounders | |||||||||||||
| Sex (study) | 0.49 | ||||||||||||
| Female (BWHHS) | 883 (44.0) | 293 (33.2) | 289 (32.7) | 301 (34.1) | 1.00 | (ref) | |||||||
| Male (BRHS) | 1124 (56.0) | 375 (33.4) | 376 (33.5) | 373 (33.2) | 1.06 | 0.90, 1.26 | |||||||
| Age (years) | 0.003 | ||||||||||||
| < 75 | 646 (32.2) | 192 (29.7) | 208 (32.2) | 246 (38.1) | 1.00 | (ref) | |||||||
| 75-79 | 670 (33.4) | 230 (34.3) | 231 (34.5) | 209 (31.2) | 0.77 | 0.63, 0.94 | |||||||
| 80-84 | 480 (23.9) | 178 (37.1) | 152 (31.7) | 150 (31.3) | 0.71 | 0.56, 0.88 | |||||||
| 85+ | 211 (10.5) | 68 (32.2) | 74 (35.1) | 69 (32.7) | 0.78 | 0.58, 1.04 | |||||||
| Adult social class | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| I (professional)/II (intermediate) | 845 (42.1) | 232 (27.5) | 263 (31.1) | 350 (41.4) | 1.00 | (ref) | |||||||
| IIInm (skilled non-manual) | 348 (17.3) | 125 (35.9) | 130 (37.4) | 93 (26.7) | 0.62 | 0.49, 0.78 | |||||||
| IIIm (skilled manual) | 553 (27.6) | 197 (35.6) | 197 (35.6) | 159 (28.8) | 0.72 | 0.59, 0.89 | |||||||
| IV (partially skilled manual)/V (unskilled manual) | 261 (13.0) | 114 (43.7) | 75 (28.7) | 72 (27.6) | 0.57 | 0.44, 0.75 | |||||||
| Long-standing illness, disability or infirmity | 0.07 | ||||||||||||
| No | 1324 (66.0) | 425 (32.1) | 431 (32.6) | 468 (35.4) | 1.00 | (ref) | |||||||
| Yes | 683 (34.0) | 243 (35.6) | 234 (34.3) | 206 (30.2) | 0.85 | 0.72, 1.01 | |||||||
| Country | 0.03 | ||||||||||||
| England | 1758 (87.6) | 557 (31.7) | 584 (33.2) | 617 (35.1) | 1.00 | (ref) | |||||||
| Scotland | 249 (12.4) | 111 (44.6) | 81 (32.5) | 57 (22.9) | 0.58 | 0.35, 0.96 | |||||||
Multilevel ordinal logistic regression models with random intercepts at the town and LSOA/data zone levels. Restricted to study members non-missing for all variables in the Table (N = 2007 (1124 men, 883 women) study members across 740 LSOAs/data zones with median 2 (range 1-20) study members per LSOA/data zone and with median 105 (range 31-158) study members per town)
aDiversity of food retail environment calculated using a spatial entropy score taking into account four types of food premises: all food shops, restaurants and cafes, pubs and fast food restaurants