Table 5.
Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with seedling root traits in the ‘pouch and wick’ system in a growth chamber as well as yield, yield components and phenology in field trials for the recombinant inbred line mapping population of Forno × Oberkulmer
| Trait/chromosome | Year | Position (cM) | LOD | R2* | Additive effect† | Closest marker |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seedling root traits | ||||||
| Seminal root number | ||||||
| 2A | 2014 | 24·2 | 8·7 | 18·0 | 0·18 | Xglk197-2AS |
| 2014 | 93·7 | 11·1 | 22·3 | 0·20 | Xpsr380-2A | |
| 2B | 2014 | 38·2 | 2·9 | 6·3 | –0·19 | Xglk302a-2BS |
| 3DL | 2014 | 34·2 | 3·5 | 7·7 | –0·11 | AC29-3DL |
| 4A | 2014 | 41·1 | 6·6 | 14·0 | 0·17 | Xpsr914-4A |
| 2014 | 220·8 | 5·5 | 11·8 | –0·15 | Xpsr115-4A | |
| 5A | 2014 | 43·3 | 3·1 | 6·8 | –0·11 | Xpsr945a-5A |
| 2014 | 234·0 | 4·4 | 9·5 | 0·13 | Xgwm6c-5AL | |
| 5B | 2014 | 158·3 | 3·1 | 6·7 | 0·13 | Xpsr580b-5B |
| 7AL | 2014 | 27·9 | 4·2 | 9·0 | –0·14 | pwir232a-7AL |
| 7B | 2014 | 217·4 | 8·1 | 16·8 | –0·17 | Xglk576-7BL |
| 7D | 2014 | 7·0 | 3·7 | 8·0 | –0·13 | Xpsr618-7D |
| Seminal root length (mm) | ||||||
| 3A | 2014 | 66·9 | 3·5 | 7·6 | –4 | Xprs570-3A |
| 3B | 2014 | 49·2 | 4·8 | 10·4 | 5 | Xpsr919a-3B |
| Total root length (mm) | ||||||
| 2A | 2014 | 25·5 | 4·1 | 9·0 | 22 | Xglk197-2AS |
| 2014 | 95·9 | 8·5 | 17·6 | 31 | Xpsr919b-2A | |
| 3A | 2014 | 63·9 | 5·6 | 11·9 | –30 | Xprs570-3A |
| 3B | 2014 | 51·9 | 3·3 | 7·3 | 21 | Xpsr1101b-3B |
| 3DL | 2014 | 34·2 | 3·0 | 6·6 | –19 | AC29-3DL |
| 4A | 2014 | 42·1 | 8·5 | 17·6 | 35 | Xpsr914-4A |
| 2014 | 220·8 | 6·4 | 13·6 | –28 | Xpsr115-4A | |
| 4DL | 2014 | 3·0 | 3·3 | 7·2 | 23 | Xglk348b-4DL |
| 5A | 2014 | 43·3 | 4·5 | 9·8 | –23 | Xpsr945a-5A |
| 2014 | 232·8 | 4·7 | 10·2 | 25 | Xpsr1201a-5A | |
| 5B | 2014 | 160·3 | 5·2 | 11·1 | 29 | Xpsr143-5B |
| 7AL | 2014 | 28·9 | 4·1 | 8·8 | –24 | Xpsr121-7AL |
| 7B | 2014 | 217·4 | 10·1 | 20·6 | –34 | Xglk576-7BL |
| Maximum width (mm) | ||||||
| 2A | 2014 | 97·9 | 3·3 | 7·3 | 5 | Xglk293b-2AL |
| 4A | 2014 | 220·9 | 4·5 | 9·8 | –5 | Xpsr115-4A |
| 5A | 2014 | 0·1 | 3·6 | 7·9 | –5 | Xpsr549-5A |
| 7B | 2014 | 217·4 | 4·0 | 8·6 | –5 | Xglk576-7BL |
| 7D | 2014 | 0·1 | 3·1 | 6·9 | –4 | Xglk184a-7DS |
| Maximum depth (mm) | ||||||
| 3A | 2014 | 65·9 | 4·1 | 9·0 | –6 | Xprs570-3A |
| 3B | 2014 | 40·9 | 4·1 | 9·0 | 5 | Xpsr902-3B |
| 4A | 2014 | 32·2 | 3·0 | 6·6 | 5 | Xpsr59a-4A |
| 5A | 2014 | 28·1 | 3·5 | 7·6 | –5 | Xpsr644a-5A |
| 5B | 2014 | 134·6 | 3·2 | 6·9 | 5 | Xpsr370-5B |
| Emergence angle of seminal root (°) | ||||||
| 7D | 2014 | 2·0 | 3·4 | 7·5 | –0·9 | Xglk184b-7DS |
| Yield traits | ||||||
| Machine-harvested yield (t ha–1) | ||||||
| 1DS | 2012 | 2·0 | 3·2 | 7·1 | 0·26 | Xpsr168-1DS |
| 2B | 2012 | 198·6 | 3·4 | 20·1 | –0·36 | Xpsr956a-2B |
| 3A | 2012 | 67·9 | 3·5 | 20·6 | –0·42 | Xprs570-3A |
| 2013 | 39·9 | 6·1 | 13·1 | –0·74 | Xpsr598-3A | |
| 3B | 2012 | 42·1 | 2·8 | 6·3 | 0·23 | Xpsr902-3B |
| 4A | 2013 | 210·2 | 3·8 | 8·4 | –0·42 | Xmwg710b-4A |
| 5A | 2013 | 218·5 | 9·3 | 19·2 | 0·68 | Xpsr918b-5A |
| Grains m–2 | ||||||
| 3A | 2012 | 37·9 | 4·1 | 9·0 | –1202 | Xpsr598-3A |
| 2012 | 106·4 | 5·0 | 11·0 | –847 | Xglk118-3AL | |
| 2013 | 43·9 | 6·0 | 12·9 | –1520 | Xpsr598-3A | |
| 2013 | 107·4 | 3·5 | 7·7 | –838 | Xglk577-3AL | |
| 4A | 2013 | 23·7 | 4·6 | 10·0 | 1018 | Xpsr59a-4A |
| 2013 | 212·2 | 2·8 | 6·3 | –826 | Xmwg710b-4A | |
| 4B | 2012 | 61·8 | 3·2 | 7·1 | 1186 | Xpsr921-4B |
| 5A | 2012 | 163·4 | 4·1 | 9·1 | 1562 | Xpsr120a-5A |
| 2013 | 165·4 | 4·6 | 10·1 | 1955 | Xpsr145-5A | |
| 2013 | 222·5 | 6·2 | 13·3 | 1284 | Xpsr1201a-5A | |
| 7B | 2013 | 217·4 | 3·9 | 8·5 | –811 | Xglk576-7BL |
| Spikes m–2 | ||||||
| 3A | 2013 | 50·9 | 3·2 | 12·7 | –27 | Xpsr598-3A |
| 4A | 2012 | 20·7 | 3·7 | 21·4 | 45 | Xglk315-4AS |
| 2012 | 60·2 | 3·6 | 21·0 | 42 | Xglk331-4A | |
| 7B | 2012 | 188·5 | 3·7 | 21·5 | –58 | Xglk750-7BL |
| Grains per spike | ||||||
| 2B | 2013 | 94·7 | 3·1 | 12·0 | –2·2 | Xglk687b-2BS |
| 2D | 2013 | 44·9 | 4·7 | 17·8 | –6·0 | Xpsr933b-2D |
| 3B | 2013 | 8·1 | 3·7 | 14·4 | –2·7 | Lrk10c-3BS |
| 4A | 2012 | 38·1 | 3·5 | 20·5 | 2·5 | Xpsr914-4A |
| 2013 | 151·3 | 3·6 | 14·0 | 5·5 | Xglk354-4A | |
| 5A | 2013 | 64·4 | 4·5 | 17·3 | 2·9 | Xglk424-5A |
| 2013 | 213·4 | 5·1 | 19·2 | –2·9 | Xpsr918b-5A | |
| 7B | 2012 | 137·8 | 3·2 | 18·7 | –3·6 | Xpsr129c-7B |
| 2013 | 127·8 | 3·1 | 12·2 | –3·4 | Xpsr593c-7B | |
| Thousand grain weight (g) | ||||||
| 2A | 2012 | 94·9 | 3·5 | 20·6 | –1·74 | Xpsr919b-2A |
| 2013 | 133·7 | 3·5 | 13·8 | –2·00 | Xglk699b-2AL | |
| 3B | 2012 | 80·5 | 4·2 | 23·9 | 1·95 | Xpsr1054-3B |
| 2013 | 2·9 | 3·4 | 13·4 | 1·61 | C970a-3B | |
| 2013 | 80·5 | 5·1 | 19·3 | 1·91 | Xpsr1054-3B | |
| 4A | 2012 | 20·7 | 6·6 | 35·1 | –2·65 | Xglk315-4AS |
| 2013 | 31·2 | 4·8 | 18·1 | –2·09 | Xpsr59a-4A | |
| 5B | 2012 | 154·3 | 3·0 | 17·7 | –1·80 | Xpsr580b-5B |
| 7B | 2012 | 190·5 | 5·2 | 28·9 | 3·04 | Xmwg710a-7B |
| 2013 | 187·5 | 3·2 | 12·7 | 2·24 | Xglk750-7BL | |
| Phenology | ||||||
| GS39 (full flag leaf emergence, °Cd) | ||||||
| 5A | 2012 | 222·4 | 2·9 | 17·5 | –10·3 | Xpsr1201a-5A |
| 2013 | 209·9 | 4·0 | 15·2 | –10·3 | Xpsr918b-5A | |
| GS61 (anthesis, °Cd) | ||||||
| 2D | 2013 | 45·9 | 3·7 | 14·3 | –24·3 | Xpsr933b-2D |
| 4DL | 2012 | 107·0 | 3·1 | 18·4 | 15·1 | Xpsr1101a-4DL |
| 5A | 2013 | 58·3 | 3·8 | 14·8 | 13·3 | Xglk424-5A |
| 2013 | 209·9 | 3·9 | 15·1 | –12·0 | Xpsr918b-5A | |
| 7B | 2012 | 77·6 | 5·0 | 27·9 | –15·8 | Xglk478-7BL |
| 2013 | 77·6 | 4·5 | 17·1 | –12·9 | Xglk478-7BL | |
| GS92 (maturity, °Cd) | ||||||
| 2A | 2012 | 94·9 | 5·1 | 28·6 | 39·9 | Xpsr919b-2A |
| 2013 | 94·9 | 4·2 | 16·1 | 32·8 | Xpsr919b-2A | |
| 2B | 2012 | 91·7 | 3·8 | 22·0 | –38·0 | Xpsr961-2B |
| 2013 | 81·7 | 4·3 | 16·4 | –40·5 | Xpsr961-2B | |
| 2D | 2013 | 56·9 | 4·4 | 17·0 | –81·1 | Xpsr335-2D |
| 4DL | 2012 | 97·0 | 4·4 | 25·2 | 50·5 | Xglk302b-4DL |
| 5A | 2013 | 210·9 | 3·8 | 14·8 | –36·2 | Xpsr918b-5A |
| 5B | 2012 | 162·2 | 3·7 | 21·7 | 41·9 | Xpsr143-5B |
| 7AL | 2012 | 0·1 | 4·1 | 23·7 | –39·1 | Xpsr129b-7AL |
| 7B | 2012 | 72·7 | 5·2 | 29·1 | –42·3 | Xpsr927-7B |
| 2012 | 185·5 | 3·8 | 22·2 | –51·2 | Xglk750-7BL | |
| 2013 | 73·3 | 5·3 | 19·7 | –38·6 | Xpsr927-7B | |
| 2013 | 173·5 | 3·7 | 14·3 | –35·9 | Xglk750-7BL | |
| GS31 (onset of stem elongation)−GS39 (°Cd) | ||||||
| 5A | 2013 | 5·4 | 3·4 | 13·2 | 8·6 | Xglk163a-5A |
| GS39−GS61 (°Cd) | ||||||
| 2D | 2013 | 33·9 | 3·1 | 12·2 | –10·1 | Xpsr933b-2D |
| 3B | 2013 | 0·1 | 3·3 | 12·9 | –5·4 | Xglk683-3BS |
| 2013 | 35·7 | 3·8 | 14·6 | –6·1 | Xglk538-3BS | |
| 4B | 2013 | 59·8 | 5·4 | 20·3 | –12·0 | Xpsr921-4B |
| 4DL | 2013 | 45·2 | 3·3 | 13·0 | –10·0 | Xpsr59b-4DL |
| 7B | 2012 | 18·6 | 5·3 | 29·6 | –13·7 | Xpsr952-7B |
| 2012 | 61·7 | 4·7 | 26·4 | –11·6 | Xglk598-7BL | |
| 2013 | 11·0 | 4·6 | 17·6 | –7·6 | Xpsr952-7B | |
| 2013 | 99·7 | 3·5 | 13·6 | –6·4 | pwir232b-7B | |
| GS31−GS61 (°Cd) | ||||||
| 1DS | 2013 | 0·1 | 3·2 | 12·5 | –8·8 | Xpsr168-1DS |
| 4DL | 2012 | 108·0 | 3·7 | 21·4 | 18·9 | Xpsr1101a-4DL |
| 5A | 2013 | 3·0 | 3·3 | 12·9 | 9·2 | Xpsr549-5A |
| GS61−GS92 (°Cd) | ||||||
| 2A | 2012 | 94·9 | 5·2 | 28·8 | 34·6 | Xpsr919b-2A |
| 2013 | 94·9 | 5·6 | 20·7 | 28·0 | Xpsr919b-2A | |
| 2B | 2012 | 92·7 | 4·1 | 23·6 | –34·1 | Xglk687b-2BS |
| 2013 | 81·7 | 4·2 | 16·2 | –30·3 | Xpsr961-2B | |
| 2D | 2013 | 61·9 | 4·0 | 15·4 | –54·8 | Xpsr335-2D |
| 4A | 2012 | 47·1 | 3·4 | 19·9 | 33·4 | CD16·2-4A |
| 4DL | 2012 | 92·0 | 3·3 | 19·3 | 33·7 | Xglk302b-4DL |
| 5A | 2013 | 211·9 | 3·0 | 11·9 | –24·0 | Xpsr918b-5A |
| 5B | 2012 | 161·2 | 3·3 | 19·4 | 34·7 | Xpsr143-5B |
| 2013 | 157·2 | 2·9 | 11·6 | 24·8 | Xpsr580b-5B | |
| 7AL | 2012 | 0·1 | 4·4 | 25·3 | –34·9 | Xpsr129b-7AL |
| 2013 | 0·1 | 3·4 | 13·2 | –23·3 | Xpsr129b-7AL | |
| 7B | 2012 | 185·5 | 4·5 | 25·5 | –47·4 | Xglk750-7BL |
| 2013 | 73·3 | 4·7 | 17·9 | –27·7 | Xpsr927-7B | |
| 2013 | 174·5 | 4·9 | 18·5 | –31·7 | Xglk750-7BL |
*
R2, the proportion of phenotypic variation explained by individual QTLs.
†
Positive and negative additive effects indicate that the alleles from Forno and Oberkulmer increase the values of the traits, respectively.