Table 1.
Overview of selected anatomical wood characters of Nepenthaceae
| Nepenthes species | Vessel diameter (μm) | Vessel density (mm–1) | Vessel element length (μm) | Gums in vessels | Fibre- tracheid length (μm) | Fibre- tracheids septate | Fibre- tracheids thick- walled | Distinct axial parenchyma bands | Width of axial parenchyma bands (no. of cells) | Scanty paratracheal axial parenchyma | Rays exclusively uniseriate | Ray width (no. of cells) | Height uniseriate rays (μm) | Height multiseriate rays (μm) | Density uniseriate rays (mm–1) | Density multiseriate rays (mm–1) | Ray compo- stition | Silica bodies in rays | Medullary bundles | Pith lignification | Helical idioblasts in pith | Helical idioblasts in multiseriate rays | Helical idioblasts in cortex |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N. ampullaria† | 25–60–105 | 14–27–40 | 250–360–470 | + | 300–500–700 | ± | + | ± | 1–8 | + | – | 1 (2–4) | 170–760–2100 | 310–1090–1900 | 12–14 | 0–2 | Usp | + | – | + | + | – | / |
| N. bicalcarata* | 40–98–160 | 8–14–25 | 300–460–590 | – | 450–620–780 | – | + | – | / | – | + | / | 400–800–1800 | / | 6–10 | 0 | US | – | – | + | + | / | / |
| N. bokorensis*† | 40–68–100 | 14–24–44 | 200–325–500 | + | 410–590–820 | – | – | + | 1–2 | + | – | 1 (2–4,10) | 170–330–550 | 400–1140–3300 | 3–7 | 2–5 | US | ± | – | + | – | – | / |
| N. burbidgeae1* | 50–78–100 | 22–25–30 | 200–320–500 | – | 500–650–750 | – | – | + | 1 | – | + | / | 250–620–1000 | / | 12–14 | 0 | U | ± | + | + | + | / | + |
| N. burbidgeae2* | 50–76–120 | 13–19–24 | 250–380–525 | – | 625–770–900 | – | – | + | 1 | – | – | 1 (2–3) | 300–690–1500 | 700–1070–1700 | 11–14 | 0–1 | Us | + | + | + | + | – | / |
| N. chaniana*† | 35–47–70 | 16–24–36 | 250–340–540 | + | 415–545–670 | – | + | + | 2 | + | – | 1 (2) | 250–390–750 | 560–935–1210 | 7–16 | 0–2 | US | ± | – | – | + | – | + |
| N. distillatoria* | 20–46–75 | 28–36–40 | 200–285–375 | – | 350–525–710 | – | + | – | / | – | – | 1 (2,10) | 170–490–1250 | 750–1350–1950 | 8–12 | 0–1 | US | ± | – | ± | + | – | / |
| N. edwardsiana* | 30–51–70 | 22–43–52 | 270–380–550 | – | 300–515–710 | – | – | – | / | – | – | 1 (2) | 260–580–1250 | 405–810–2250 | 8–13 | 0–3 | Us | – | – | ± | – | – | / |
| N. gracilis | 40–94–170 | 9–16–23 | 250–332–550 | – | 400–549–750 | + | – | + | 1–4 | + | – | 1,2–5 (6–10) | ND | ND | ND | ND | Usp | + | – | + | + | / | + |
| N. gracillima* | 25–37–60 | 20–31–40 | 240–315–405 | – | 250–430–600 | – | + | ± | 1 | – | – | 1 (2–3,10) | 150–290–600 | / | 12–16 | 0 | Us | ± | – | ± | + | / | / |
| N. gymnamphora | 50–104–150 | 28–33–39 | 250–370–500 | + | 400–565–750 | – | – | ± | 1–4 | + | – | 1 (2) | 400–755–1400 | 600–1365–2100 | 9–13 | 1–2 | Usp | – | – | ± | ± | + | / |
| N. hemsleyana* | 25–37–50 | 20–24–28 | 210–360–450 | – | 310–445–600 | ± | + | + | 1–2 | + | – | 1 (2) | 210–690–1200 | 600–940–1250 | 10–13 | 0–2 | Us | ± | – | ± | + | – | / |
| N. hirsuta* | 15–38–50 | 32–45–60 | 280–390–500 | – | 300–850–625 | – | + | ± | 1 | – | + | / | 150–370–700 | / | 9–12 | 0 | uS | + | – | + | + | / | + |
| N. kerrii*† | 30–53–75 | 16–31–44 | 200–295–400 | – | 300–465–800 | – | – | – | / | ± | + | / | 245–710–1210 | / | 8–14 | 0 | US | – | – | + | + | / | + |
| N. khasiana | 20–61–90 | 45–52–64 | 200–260–340 | + | 350–515–700 | ± | – | ± | 1 | – | – | 1 (2–3,14) | 170–485–710 | 230–765–1800 | 11–14 | 3–5 | Us | – | – | ± | + | + | / |
| N. lamii* | 35–60–105 | 16–37–48 | 200–420–710 | – | 300–505–740 | + | – | – | / | ± | – | 1 (5–8) | 200–580–1350 | 450–640–900 | 7–15 | 0–1 | Us | ± | – | ± | – | – | / |
| N. lowii | 45–80–115 | 21–22–30 | 250–450–730 | – | 270–465–600 | ± | – | + | 1–7 | + | + | 1 (2–5) | 120–470–950 | 250–660–1800 | 4–10 | 0–3 | US | – | – | + | + | + | + |
| N. macfarlanei* | 35–57–90 | 24–34–48 | 260–490–720 | – | 300–605–950 | – | + | – | / | – | – | 1 (2–3) | 400–805–1950 | 100–1500–2200 | 14–20 | 0–1 | Us | – | + | ++ | + | – | / |
| N. madagascariensis | 25–54–120 | 16–29–40 | 200–265–360 | + | 300–450–710 | – | – | ± | 4–6 | + | – | 1 (6–12) | 180–520–1600 | 300–1365–3900 | 3–10 | 1–6 | Usp | ± | – | – | + | – | / |
| N. maxima*† | 25–43–95 | 18–33–46 | 205–340–570 | – | 360–565–750 | – | – | ± | 3–4 | – | – | 1 (2–3) | 175–470–1150 | 550–1270–3400 | 7–12 | 2–6 | uS | ± | – | ± | – | – | / |
| N. mirabilis | 30–78–150 | 20–23–34 | 210–370–710 | – | 350–520–700 | ± | – | ± | 1–4 | + | – | 1 (2) | 300–1090–2200 | 450–1390–3200 | 9–13 | 0–2 | Usp | ± | – | ± | + | – | + |
| N. muluensis* | 25–54–100 | 20–28–36 | 250–390–500 | – | 360–460–610 | – | + | – | / | – | + | / | 150–400–900 | / | 6–14 | 0 | Us | – | – | ++ | + | / | + |
| N. neoguineensis* | 40–88–125 | 20–27–40 | 250–320–425 | – | 320–440–600 | – | ± | – | / | ± | + | / | 300–520–950 | / | 9–12 | 0 | Us | – | – | + | + | / | / |
| N. pervillei* | 50–73–110 | 26–32–40 | 300–405–510 | – | 500–645–900 | ± | – | – | / | – | – | 1 (2) | 175–395–1100 | 450–535–600 | 7–15 | 0–1 | US | ± | – | + | + | – | / |
| N. pilosa* | 50–94–140 | 22–26–32 | 250–400–600 | – | 600–680–850 | – | – | – | 2–3 | – | + | / | 350–770–1100 | / | 10–15 | 0 | U | + | + | + | + | / | + |
| N. rafflesiana† | 25–78–125 | 18–22–29 | 275–390–540 | + | 400–555–740 | – | + | + | 1–10 | + | – | 1 (2–4) | 200–500–1100 | 1000–1475–2300 | 7–10 | 2–3 | Usp | + | – | ± | + | + | / |
| N. rajah | 50–65–90 | 8–13–20 | 150–256–400 | + | 450–580–700 | ± | – | + | 2–6 | – | – | 1 (2) | 150–183–350 | 150–192–250 | 10–13 | 0–1 | Usp | ± | – | ± | + | + | + |
| N. reinwardtiana* | 40–52–70 | 28–36–44 | 210–350–540 | – | 320–525–700 | – | + | – | / | – | – | 1 (2–4) | 150–510–790 | 400–955–2100 | 9–13 | 1–4 | uS | + | + | + | + | – | / |
| N. rhombicaulis† | 30–45–75 | 32–38–50 | 260–375–490 | – | 400–515–850 | ± | – | + | 1–5 | + | – | 1 (5–7) | 150–535–1200 | 700–970–1400 | 7–12 | 0–4 | Us | ± | – | ± | + | – | / |
| N. sanguinea | 15–34–50 | 20–32–48 | 240–340–480 | + | 375–520–710 | – | + | ± | 1–2 | – | – | 1 (2–6) | 200–390–655 | 250–870–1600 | 5–10 | 0–5 | US | – | + | – | + | – | / |
| N. smilesii | 20–38–50 | 40–55–64 | 155–215–325 | – | 275–420–530 | – | ± | + | 1–4 | – | – | 1 (2) | 170–366–575 | 190–555–1650 | 5–12 | 0–3 | Us | ± | – | + | ± | – | / |
| N. stenophylla* | 60–84–100 | 14–23–32 | 200–340–450 | – | 650–740–850 | ± | – | – | 2–3 | – | + | / | 350–812–1700 | / | 10–15 | 0 | U | + | + | ++ | + | / | + |
| N. tentaculata* | 25–48–100 | 16–30–36 | 270–355–500 | – | 300–460–700 | – | + | – | / | – | + | / | 200–460–850 | / | 8–12 | 0 | Us | – | – | – | + | / | + |
| N. thorelii | 20–37–55 | 40–48–56 | 200–305–460 | – | 300–425–550 | – | ± | ± | 1–2 | – | + | / | 160–260–410 | / | 11–16 | 0 | uS | – | – | ± | + | / | / |
| N. tobaica | 25–54–75 | 32–41–54 | 245–360–500 | – | 450–600–750 | – | + | – | / | – | + | / | 100–1030–2600 | / | 14–18 | 0 | Usp | ± | + | ++ | + | / | / |
| N. tomoriana | 25–40–65 | 36–46–64 | 260–355–500 | – | 380–585–850 | – | + | ± | 1–2 | ± | – | 1 (2–14) | 120–515–1200 | 350–1190–2500 | 11–14 | 0–2 | Us | – | – | ± | + | – | / |
| N. veitchii* | 75–107–130 | 28–35–48 | 200–304–450 | – | 500–640–700 | ND | – | + | 1–2 | – | + | / | ND | ND | 10–15 | 0 | U | ± | + | + | ± | / | / |
| N. ventricosa† | 40–65–105 | 15–20–30 | 200–315–500 | – | 355–490–605 | – | – | + | 1–2 | + | + | / | 100–295–625 | / | 3–7 | 0 | US | – | – | ± | + | / | + |
| N. villosa | 30–53–75 | 36–49–61 | 290–380–490 | + | 400–625–900 | – | – | + | 1–2 | + | – | 1, 2–5 | 190–425–760 | 270–950–3400 | 4–7 | 3–6 | Usp | – | – | ± | + | – | + |
| N. sp. (Thai origin) | 30–57–90 | 32–46–58 | 250–330–460 | – | 275–435–550 | ± | + | + | 1–2 | + | – | 1 (2–3) | 250–383–750 | 520–725–900 | 6–11 | 0–1 | Us | + | – | + | / | – | ± |
Values reported between en rules are mean values with flanking min and max.
Ray composition reported as (1) upright (U), (2) most upright, few square (Us), (3) most square, few upright (uS), (4) mixed upright and square (US) or (5) mainly upright with few square and procumbent cells (Usp).
Pith lignification reported as (1) slightly lignified with few, thin-walled cells (–), (2) slightly lignified with many, thin-walled cells in outer zone of pith (±), (3) markedly lignified with thin–thick-walled cells intermediate between axial parenchyma cells and fibres in large portion of outer pith (+) or (4) markedly lignified with thick-walled cells intermediate between axial parenchyma and fibres throughout the entire pith ( ++).
Cortex was not available for analysis in species marked with /.
Characters not determinable in categories are marked with ND.
Juvenile wood indicated with *, and greenhouse-grown specimens are indicated with †.