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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Sep 19.
Published in final edited form as: ACS Nano. 2017 Jan 9;11(1):69–83. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07607

Table 1. Selected clinical and pre-clinical examples of EVs in therapy.

Target Stage EV Source Reported Outcomes
Myocardial Infarction Mouse MSCs Reduced infarct size.67
Mouse MSCs Reduced infarct size; enhanced myocardial viability; preserved left ventricular geometry and contraction; reduced local and systemic inflammation.68
Rat CPCs Inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis; reduced scarring; enhanced angiogenesis; improved left ventricular ejection fraction.69
Rat MSCs Reduced infarct size, preserved cardiac systolic and diastolic performance; enhanced blood flow recovery.70
Pig MSCs Increased angiogenesis; reduced infarct size; preserved systolic and diastolic cardiac performance.71
Pig MSCs Reduced infarct size; decreased myocardial nuclear oxidative stress; improved systolic and diastolic cardiac performance.72
Kidney Injury Mouse MSCs Decreased levels of creatine, urea, proteinuria; reduced fibrosis, decreased number of interstitial lymphocyte infiltrates; reduced tubular atrophy.73
Rat MSCs Inhibited apoptosis; stimulated tubular endothelial cell proliferation; reduced acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease.74
Rat Liver Stem Cells Increased hepatocyte proliferation; improved morphology and function.75
Rat MSCs Inhibited the increase of creatine, urea, fractional sodium extraction; slowed apoptosis and necrosis; increased cell proliferation.76
Rat MSCs Reduced apoptosis; decreased mortality.77
Rat Endothelial Progenitor Cells Enhanced tubular cell proliferation; reduced apoptosis; inhibited capillary rarefaction, glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis.78
Pancreatic Islet Transplantation Mouse Endothelial Progenitor Cells Enhanced vascularization; increased inulin section; increased survival of islets; reduced apoptosis; induced cellular organization.79
Liver Fibrosis Mouse MSCs Reduced fibrous capsules; decreased inflammation and collagen deposition.80
Pulmonary Hypertension Mouse MSCs Suppressed macrophage influx; induced pro-inflammatory and proliferative factors; inhibited vascular remodeling; reduced pulmonary hypertension.81
Osteochondral Defect Rat MSCs Restored damaged tissue; improved gross appearance and histological score.82
Arthritis Mouse DCs Reduced inflammation; prevented or alleviated collagen-induced arthritis.83,84
Mouse Neutrophils Stimulated TGF-β production; enhanced matrix deposition.85
Skin Wound Rat MSCs Accelerated re-epithelization; increased CK19, PCNA and collagen I.86
Inflammation Mouse Dental Pulp Reduced edema; suppressed capthesin B, matrix metalloproteinase activity.88
Mouse Cancer Cells (+ drug) Inhibited inflammation; reduced autoimmune response.89,90
Cerebral Occlusion Rat MSCs (+ miRNA) Functional improvement; increased axonal plasticity and neurite remodeling.91
Neurodegenerative Diseases Mouse DCs (+ siRNA) siRNA delivered to the brain; reduced α-synuclein mRNA and aggregates.92
Mouse DCs (+ siRNA) siRNA delivered to the brain; BACE1 knocked down; decreased β-amyloid.93
Cancer Mouse Cancer Cells (+ drug) Reduced tumour growth.89
Mouse Cancer Cells (+ drug) Reduced tumour growth.94
Mouse Blood (+ drug) Reduced tumour growth.95
Mouse Macrophages (+ drug) Reduced tumour growth.96
Mouse Kidney Cells (+ miRNA) Reduced tumour growth.97
Mouse Kidney Cells (+ miRNA) Reduced tumour growth.98
Mouse DCs (+ drug) Reduced tumour growth.99
Mouse Pulsed DCs Stimulated T-cell response; suppressed growth or eradicated tumours.100
Mouse Pulsed DCs Stimulated natural killer cell proliferation/activity; anti-metastatic response.101
Human Pulsed DCs Stimulated T-cell response; increased natural killer cell activity.107
Human Pulsed DCs In progress: https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01159288 (Phase II)
Human Plant (+ drug) In progress: https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01294072 (Phase I)
Human Ascites Fluid Anti-tumor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response observed when used in combination with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor.108
Infectious Diseases Mouse Pulsed Macrophages Primed protective immunity; boosted prior tuberculosis immunization.102
Mouse Pulsed DCs Reduced number of cysts; induced immunity against toxoplasmosis.103
Mouse Pulsed DCs Induced immunity against diphtheria toxoid.104
Chicken Pulsed DCs Increased body weight; decreased feed conversion ratios; reduced fecal oocyst shedding; diminished intestinal lesions; reduced mortality from coccidiosis.105
Human Neisseria meningitidis Increased bactericidal activity against group B meningococcus.106
Graft-versus-Host Disease Mouse MSCs Reduced CD3+CD8+ T-cell number; decreased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines; reduced mortality.87
Human MSCs Reduced diarrhea volume; improved cutaneous and mucosal symptoms.109