(A) E-cadherin mRNA and protein expression levels in each groups. (B) α-SMA mRNA and protein expression levels in each group. :p < 0.05. **: p < 0.01. ***: p < 0.0005. ****: p < 0.0001. Error bars represent SD. (C) Effect of high glucose stimulation, AST, and AA to TSMCs as for EMT in double immunofluorescence. (1) C3h group, (2) C12h group, (3) AST3h group, (4) AST12h group, (5) AA3h group, (6) AA12h group, (7) G3h group, (8) G12h group, (9) AST-G3h group, (10) AST-G12h group, (11) AA-G3h group, and (12) AA-G12h group. Alexa 488 green (E-cadherin) and Alexa 555 red (α-SMA) were used as secondary antibodies. DAPI was used for nuclear staining.