Table 2.

Determinants in making decisions regarding drinking during pregnancy: Proportions of study participants’ responses across four groups defined by pregnancy status and city of residence

How much have the following contributed to your decision on whether to drink during pregnancy, or how much would they have contributed to your decision on whether to drink during pregnancy if they had discussed it with you?	Full Sample	SPB		NNR		Strata Difference
	Proportion	Pregnant	Non- pregnant	Pregnant	Non- pregnant	JTπ (Z Statistic)
Husband/partnera,b,c2,c3,e						−9.29**
Not at all/Not very much/Not sure	0.40	0.17	0.23	0.64	0.62
Somewhat	0.21	0.25	0.40	0.05	0.14
A lot	0.39	0.58	0.37	0.31	0.25
Best female friend
Not at all/Not very much/Not sure	0.59	0.28	0.38	0.88	0.84
Somewhat	0.27	0.42	0.47	0.07	0.11
A lot	0.14	0.30	0.15	0.05	0.05
Motherb,c3,e						−9.79**
Not at all/Not very much/Not sure	0.45	0.17	0.31	0.75	0.62
Somewhat	0.19	0.26	0.33	0.07	0.12
A lot	0.35	0.58	0.36	0.18	0.26
Father
Not at all/Not very much/Not sure	0.58	0.33	0.48	0.83	0.71
Somewhat	0.16	0.24	0.28	0.04	0.09
A lot	0.26	0.43	0.24	0.13	0.20
Grandmother
Not at all/Not very much/Not sure	0.74	0.49	0.68	0.95	0.87
Somewhat	0.13	0.27	0.19	0.03	0.03
A lot	0.13	0.24	0.13	0.03	0.10
Grandfather
Not at all/Not very much/Not sure	0.77	0.53	0.71	0.96	0.89
Somewhat	0.12	0.26	0.17	0.01	0.02
A lot	0.11	0.21	0.12	0.03	0.09
Friends/co-workersb,e						−9.77**
Not at all/Not very much/Not sure	0.71	0.46	0.59	0.92	0.89
Somewhat	0.23	0.41	0.35	0.05	0.09
A lot	0.06	0.13	0.06	0.03	0.02
Physician or nurse
Not at all/Not very much/Not sure	0.48	0.12	0.35	0.70	0.82
Somewhat	0.22	0.35	0.31	0.12	0.08
A lot	0.30	0.53	0.34	0.18	0.11
OB/GYN or nursea,b,c3						−11.19**
Not at all/Not very much/Not sure	0.32	0.09	0.25	0.31	0.69
Somewhat	0.21	0.23	0.33	0.16	0.12
A lot	0.47	0.68	0.42	0.54	0.19
Warning labels on bottlesa,b,c2						−9.65**
Not at all/Not very much/Not sure	0.58	0.38	0.53	0.00	0.84
Somewhat	0.34	0.49	0.43	0.00	0.10
A lot	0.08	0.14	0.04	0.00	0.06
Newspapers/magazines
Not at all/Not very much/Not sure	0.59	0.30	0.45	0.84	0.77
Somewhat	0.32	0.55	0.61	0.10	0.13
A lot	0.09	0.15	0.04	0.06	0.11
Radio
Not at all/Not very much/Not sure	0.61	0.33	0.48	0.85	0.78
Somewhat	0.30	0.53	0.48	0.10	0.11
A lot	0.09	0.14	0.04	0.06	0.11
Television
Not at all/Not very much/Not sure	0.57	0.29	0.44	0.82	0.74
Somewhat	0.32	0.54	0.50	0.11	0.11
A lot	0.12	0.17	0.06	0.07	0.16
Posters/pamphlets in public places
Not at all/Not very much/Not sure	0.64	0.34	0.46	0.89	0.88
Somewhat	0.30	0.54	0.49	0.08	0.08
A lot	0.06	0.12	0.05	0.03	0.04
Posters/pamphlets in clinics
Not at all/Not very much/Not sure	0.55	0.22	0.34	0.86	0.80
Somewhat	0.30	0.50	0.57	0.06	0.09
A lot	0.15	0.28	0.09	0.08	0.11
Medical literature
Not at all/Not very much/Not sure	0.45	0.13	0.27	0.69	0.76
Somewhat	0.28	0.38	0.48	0.14	0.12
A lot	0.17	0.49	0.25	0.17	0.12
School
Not at all/Not very much/Not sure	0.69	0.46	0.61	0.91	0.77
Somewhat	0.23	0.36	0.32	0.05	0.18
A lot	0.09	0.18	0.07	0.04	0.50
Cost (too expensive)b,f						−2.44**
Not at all/Not very much/Not sure	0.95	0.92	0.92	0.98	0.97
Somewhat	0.04	0.06	0.06	0.02	0.03
A lot	0.01	0.02	0.02	0.00	0.0
Own experience
Not at all/Not very much/Not sure	0.48	0.07	0.24	0.92	0.78
Somewhat	0.15	0.20	0.24	0.04	0.10
A lot	0.37	0.73	0.52	0.04	0.12
Own knowledge/educationa,b,f						−12.84**
Not at all/Not very much/Not sure	0.30	0.04	0.09	0.53	0.60
Somewhat	0.20	0.19	0.27	0.14	0.17
A lot	0.50	0.76	0.64	0.33	0.23

^πJonckheere-Terpstra test of ordered (mean response) differences between the four strata (two-sided test).

Significant main effects (reference group):

^aPregnancy status (non-pregnant),

^bCity (NNR),

^c2T-ACE (no risk),

^c3Binge drinking when non-pregnant (non-binge drinker),

^dMarital Status (single/divorced/never married/widowed),

^eAge (< 30 years),

^fEducation (< middle level college) and

^gIncome (> 3,000 rubles).

The significant main effects are obtained after controlling for confounding variables, indicated as superscripts on each question domain. For example, for the model examining differences in influence of husband/partner on decisions about drinking behavior (Husband/Partner^a,b,c2,c3,e), the main effects reported for pregnancy status are adjusted for differences in city of residence, alcohol drinking risk captured using the T-ACE, binge drinking and age.

Reference category for the multinomial equations was the response category Not at all or Not very much or Not sure.

^**p-value < 0.05,

^*p-value < 0.10 (two-tailed tests).

A total proportion of responses for each determinant equals 100% (or 1.0)