Table 2.
Growth Curve Models of Neighborhood Average Family Income: Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 1971-2011
| Neighborhood Average Family Income | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
| Fixed Effects | ||||
| For Intercept (initial status) | ||||
| Intercept | 37.96***
(0.48) |
41.94***
(0.51) |
29.07***
(1.17) |
21.71***
(1.42) |
| Black | −8.42***
(0.63) |
−4.76***
(0.70) |
−3.24***
(0.71) |
|
| Neighborhood average family income in adolescence | 0.25***
(0.03) |
0.24***
(0.02) |
||
| For Linear Growth Rate | ||||
| Intercept | 0.97***
(0.04) |
1.29***
(0.05) |
0.82***
(0.15) |
0.86***
(0.15) |
| Black | −0.77***
(0.08) |
−0.57***
(0.10) |
−0.56***
(0.09) |
|
| Neighborhood average family income in adolescence | 0.01**
(0.00) |
0.01**
(0.00) |
||
| For Quadratic Growth Rate | ||||
| Intercept | −11.59***
(0.90) |
−14.64***
(1.14) |
−9.31***
(3.24) |
−11.21***
(3.27) |
| Black | 9.12***
(1.86) |
7.05***
(2.14) |
6.20**
(2.14) |
|
| Neighborhood average family income in adolescence | −0.09*
(0.04) |
−0.07 (0.05) |
||
| Control Variables | ||||
| Married/cohabiting at t | 1.06***
(0.24) |
|||
| Number of children under 18 at t | −0.42***
(0.09) |
|||
| Years of education at t | 0.40***
(0.07) |
|||
| Family income at t-1 | 0.03***
(0.00) |
|||
| Home ownership at t | 0.38 (0.24) |
|||
| Family income in adolescence | 0.01***
(0.00) |
|||
| Moved to different tract in same county between t-1 and t | 0.63***
(0.20) |
|||
| Moved to different county between t-1 and t | 2.40***
(0.32) |
|||
|
| ||||
| Random Effects | ||||
| Level-1: within-person | 138.29*** | 138.57*** | 138.56*** | 137.57*** |
| Level-2: in initial status | 186.23*** | 137.08*** | 121.68*** | 121.13*** |
| Level-2: in rate of change | 0.86*** | 0.82*** | 0.83*** | 0.80*** |
|
| ||||
| Goodness-of-fit | ||||
| AIC | 218548.7 | 218090.6 | 217906.9 | 217584.0 |
| BIC | 218630.8 | 218197.3 | 218038.3 | 217781.1 |
|
| ||||
| N of person-periods | 27,237 | 27,237 | 27,237 | 27,237 |
| N of persons | 1,214 | 1,214 | 1,214 | 1,214 |
Note: Sample consists of black and white Panel Study of Income Dynamics respondents who established their own household between 1970 and 1979. Standard errors are in parentheses. Coefficients and standard errors for the quadratic growth rate are multiplied by 1000.
*
p < .05;
**
p < .01;
***
p < .001 (two-tailed tests).