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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Sep 19.
Published in final edited form as: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017 Jan 10;139(5):1465–1467. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.003

FIG. 1.

FIG. 1

Multiple pathways of ILC2 inhibition. ILC2s are stimulated by epithelial cytokines (IL-33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin [TSLP], and IL-25) and lipid mediators (cysteinyl leukotrienes [CysLTs] and PGD2) to produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13, resulting in type 2 inflammation. Treg cells inhibit ILC2 activation through ICOS/ICOS ligand (ICOSL) interactions, as well as through production of IL-10 and TGF-β. Inhibition of the transcription factors Id2 and Id3 in Treg cells results in increased numbers of ILC2s. Other mechanisms promoting ILC2 suppression include cytokines (type 1 interferons and TH1 cytokines), lipid mediators (prostaglandin I2 [PGI2] and lipoxin A4 [LXA4]), and corticosteroids.