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. 2017 Sep 18;8(9):674–680. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v8.i9.674

Figure 3.

Figure 3

There are 3 major methods in which mesenchymal stem cells can be applied: Intra-articular injection of mesenchymal stem cell suspension, implantation of cell-mixed composite scaffold, and microfracture through articular cartilage and subchondral bone.