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. 2017 Sep 19;7:11864. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12111-1

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Oligo-Fucoidan prevents intrinsic DNA lesions and mitochondrial ROS generation. (a) HCT116 cell lines (p53^+/+ and p53^−/−) were treated with different doses of Oligo-Fucoidan for 48 h. p53, p21 and γ-HAX expression levels were analyzed in the indicated cells. γ-HAX levels were compared between p53^+/+ and p53^−/− cells after Oligo-Fucoidan treatment. (b) Mitochondrial superoxide levels were detected by MitoSOX Red, followed by flow cytometry analysis, in cells treated with PBS (MOCK) or Oligo-Fucoidan (400 μg/ml) for 48 h. (c) p53, p21 and γ-HAX expression levels were studied in cells exposed to etoposide (40 μM) for different intervals. The protein levels were normalized to those β-actin, and the levels of their corresponding controls were set as 1. (d) Mitochondrial superoxide levels were measured after etoposide (40 μM) and Oligo-Fucoidan (400 μg/ml) administration or etoposide treatment alone for 48 h. (e) Cell viability was analyzed after the indicated cells being treated with etoposide alone or co-treated with different concentrations of Oligo-Fucoidan for 48 h. The data represent the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.