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. 2017 Sep 19;7:11901. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11982-8

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Possible mechanisms of ice-binding: (A) Hydrogen bonds are formed between the surface of the AFP and the ice crystal. (B) Entropically unfavored water molecules on the surface are removed upon the AFP binding to the ice crystal; the resulting entropy gain is the driving force. (C) The first hydration layer has an ice-shaped structure. The system strives to reduce the surface area of ice.