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. 2017 Sep 19;7:11901. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11982-8

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Three AFPs in cartoon representation: (A) wfAFP (B) sbwAFP (C) mwAFP. The residues in the active sites are shown in stick representation. The colored sections show the regions where water properties were analyzed, “active” ice-binding regions are given in blue. Remaining sites are named as rather ice-binding (RIB), rather non ice-binding (RNIB), and non ice-binding site (NIBS), respectively.