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Effects of sodium propionate on cytokines levels in mammary glands. Levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results are given as mean ± SEM. Differences between groups were determined by one-way analysis of variance followed by Duncan’s post hoc analysis. #p < 0.05 versus the control group, and *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 versus the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated group.
