Figure 6.

Sodium propionate acts as a histone deacetylase inhibitor in mouse mammary epithelial cells (mMECs). (A) Effects of sodium propionate and trichostatin A (TSA) on cell cytokine production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mMECs. Cells were pretreated with sodium propionate (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mM) or TSA (6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 nM) for 12 h followed by incubation with 1 µg/ml LPS for 3 h. Levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured by qRT-PCR. (B) Western blot analysis of the acetylated histone H3 was determined. (C) Quantification of H3 acetylation was determined by densitometry and is normalized to β-actin. Results are given as mean ± SEM. Differences between groups were determined by one-way analysis of variance followed by Duncan’s post hoc analysis. ^#p < 0.05 versus the control group, and *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 versus the LPS-treated group.