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. 2017 Sep 19;7:11884. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12346-y

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The effects of lamotrigine, zonisamide, and felbamate on SD-induced epileptiform activity. (A) Representative traces showing the changes in the membrane potential after treatment with lamotrigine (60 μM) and zonisamide (50 μM) or felbamate (100 μM). (B) Quantitative results showing the effects of AEDs on the duration of ictal-like activity. (C) Quantitative results showing the frequency of PDSs after treatment with lamotrigine (60 μM) and zonisamide (50 μM), or felbamate (100 μM) compared to that of control. (D) Quantitative results showing the number of spikes per PDS after treatment with lamotrigine (60 μM) and zonisamide (50 μM) or felbamate (100 μM) compared to control. Significance differences were determined by a One-way ANOVA with the Games-Howell post hoc test and were defined as *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.