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. 2017 Sep 19;7:11889. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12349-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The MALT1 inhibitor MI-2 reduced osteoclast formation in the presence of TNFα. Inhibitory effects of MI-2 on osteoclast formation from monocytes in the presence of 20 ng/mL TNFα, as determined by performing in vitro osteoclast-differentiation assays. (a) Representative microscopic images from 3 independent experiments are shown. (b) Relative abundances (%) of TRAP-positive osteoclasts per well. Pooled results are shown from 3 independent experiments. (c) TRAP enzyme activities (%) in untreated cells and cells treated with the indicated concentrations of MI-2. *, **, and *** indicate significant differences from control (untreated) cells based on 2-tailed unpaired Student’s t-tests at P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001, respectively. The error bars denote s.e.m. values.