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. 2017 Sep 19;7:11860. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12107-x

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The scheme of the spinning device and SEM and AFM images of the starting CNF. (a) The capillary length, the diameter, and the flow rate were modified, (b) SEM high magnification image of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), (c) tapping mode AFM. The morphology and size distribution of the CNF were characterized by AFM and show fibrils with diameters in the range of 5 to 500 nm and lengths up to several micrometers since the ends of fibrils were not recognizable in the AFM topography images. Scale bars are 1 μm in both images.