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. 2017 Sep 19;7:11860. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12107-x

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The modulus of toughness vs. Young’s modulus (a) and yield strength (b) of the CNF fibers. Fibers spun by extruding the CNF dispersion through longer capillaries exhibit higher mechanical properties. Capillary lengths were 20 mm (filled inverted triangles), 200 mm 5 (empty circles), and 1500 mm (filled circles). The modulus of toughness was calculated from the area under the stress-strain curve. Plotting the modulus of toughness vs. either Young’s modulus (a), or yield strength (b) revealed a nearly linear positive correlation. Values next to selected data points denote the Hermans orientation parameters obtained for the corresponding fibers with WAXS (see below).