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. 2017 Sep 19;7:11860. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12107-x

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Modulus of toughness vs. Young’s modulus (a) and yield strength (b) for CNF fibers produced in this work (filled circles) in comparison to those reported in existing literature (empty symbols). In this work (filled circles) a modulus of toughness is observed at least twice as high as compared to films (empty squares) and fibers (empty circles) reported in the literature^{16,17,19–21,31,32}. The four data points shown from this work are from fibers produced using 2% w/v CNF concentration, flow rate 150 cm/min and 1500 mm capillary but varying the inner diameter (0.4, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 mm).