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. 2017 Sep 15;8:1127. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01127

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Copyright © 2017 Vivarini, Calegari-Silva, Saliba, Boaventura, França-Costa, Khouri, Dierckx, Dias-Teixeira, Fasel, Barral, Borges, Van Weyenbergh and Lopes.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The reactive oxygen species (ROS) were enhanced upon Leishmania amazonensis infection in nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)/protein kinase R (PKR)/Akt-deficient macrophages. (A) shNrf2 or shControl and (B) wild-type THP-1 cells treated with PKR-inhibitor or Akt-inhibitor-VIII were infected with stationary promastigotes forms of L. amazonensis at indicated times together with probes for quantifying peroxynitrite (OONO), nitric oxide (NO), and ROS, and then analyzed as described in material and methods. (C) THP-1 transiently knocked-down for Nrf2 expression or shControl cells were infected with stationary promastigotes forms of L. amazonensis for 24 h and treated for additional 24 h with sulforaphane (SFN) or NAC (N-acetylcysteine) before the analysis of infection index. The asterisk means the statistic significant differences between the groups. Results are representative of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05.

The reactive oxygen species (ROS) were enhanced upon Leishmania amazonensis infection in nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)/protein kinase R (PKR)/Akt-deficient macrophages. (A) shNrf2 or shControl and (B) wild-type THP-1 cells treated with PKR-inhibitor or Akt-inhibitor-VIII were infected with stationary promastigotes forms of L. amazonensis at indicated times together with probes for quantifying peroxynitrite (OONO), nitric oxide (NO), and ROS, and then analyzed as described in material and methods. (C) THP-1 transiently knocked-down for Nrf2 expression or shControl cells were infected with stationary promastigotes forms of L. amazonensis for 24 h and treated for additional 24 h with sulforaphane (SFN) or NAC (N-acetylcysteine) before the analysis of infection index. The asterisk means the statistic significant differences between the groups. Results are representative of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05.