Table 1.
Socio-Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Study Participants at Baseline (N = 55)
| Characteristic | Vocal music therapy (n = 28) | Waitlist control n = 27) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 54.5 (13) | 53 (12.8) | 0.66a |
| Gender, female | 23 (82.1%) | 26 (96.3%) | 0.19b |
| Ethnicity | 0.49b | ||
| Black | 24 (85.7%) | 25 (92.6%) | |
| Caucasian | 1 (3.6%) | 2 (7.4%) | |
| Other | 3 (10.7%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Employment | 0.22b | ||
| Employed | 6 (21.4%) | 2 (7.4%) | |
| Unemployed or on disability | 15 (53.5%) | 17 (63%) | |
| Retired | 7 (25%) | 8 (29.6%) | |
| Duration of pain (years), mean (SD) | 6.3 (5.4) | 6.7 (6.6) | 0.94c |
| Pain type | 0.27b | ||
| Back pain | 10 (35.7%) | 9 (33.3%) | |
| Arthritis | 7 (25%) | 8 (29.6%) | |
| Other musculoskeletal | 5 (17.9%) | 5 (18.6%) | |
| Neuropathic | 6 (21.4%) | 2 (7.4%) | |
| Other | 0 (0%) | 3 (11.1%) | |
| Medicine use for pain | 0.82d | ||
| Prescription medicine | 17 (60.7%) | 15 (57.7%) | |
| Over-the-counter medicine | 16 (57.1%) | 14 (53.9%) | |
| Treatment expectancy (NRSe), mean (SD) | 6.7 (1.9) | 6.0 (1.8) | 0.17a |
| Prior music performance experience | 18 (64.3%) | 13 (48.2%) |
a
Pooled two-sided t-test;
b
Fisher’s Exact Test;
c
Wilcoxon two-sample test;
d
Chi-Square Test;
e
NRS: 0–10 Numeric Rating Scale