Table 3.
Subject charcterisics by gender, according to quartiles of the three food intake pattern scores
| Traditional Japanese | Westernized | Meat and fat | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||||||||||||||||
| Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | p for trend | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | p for trend | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | p for trend | |
| Men (N) | 894 | 1059 | 1224 | 1509 | 1696 | 1125 | 908 | 957 | 947 | 1015 | 1185 | 1539 | |||||||||||||||
| Age at survey (yrs) | 50.0 | 16.4 | 55.9 | 15.9 | 60.3 | 14.9 | 63.3 | 13.4 | <0.001 | 56.4 | 15.9 | 57.7 | 16.1 | 59.8 | 15.7 | 60.9 | 14.6 | <0.001 | 66.7 | 13.6 | 61.1 | 15.0 | 57.3 | 15.1 | 52.1 | 15.2 | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 167.5 | 6.5 | 166.7 | 7.0 | 166.0 | 6.7 | 165.3 | 6.8 | <0.001 | 166.3 | 7.1 | 166.2 | 6.8 | 166.1 | 6.7 | 166.1 | 6.3 | 0.900 | 163.7 | 6.7 | 165.6 | 6.8 | 166.6 | 6.7 | 167.9 | 6.5 | <0.001 |
| Body weight (kg) | 66.8 | 11.5 | 65.5 | 10.5 | 65.2 | 10.4 | 65.7 | 10.1 | 0.006 | 66.1 | 11.1 | 65.5 | 10.5 | 65.5 | 9.8 | 65.6 | 10.3 | 0.370 | 63.3 | 10.0 | 65.2 | 10.3 | 65.8 | 10.6 | 67.4 | 10.7 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 85.5 | 9.4 | 85.2 | 9.2 | 85.7 | 8.7 | 86.7 | 8.2 | <0.001 | 85.9 | 8.9 | 85.5 | 9.0 | 86.1 | 8.6 | 86.0 | 8.7 | 0.479 | 85.9 | 8.7 | 86.1 | 8.7 | 85.5 | 8.9 | 85.9 | 8.9 | 0.457 |
| BMI | 23.8 | 3.5 | 23.5 | 3.3 | 23.6 | 3.1 | 24.0 | 3.0 | 0.004 | 23.8 | 3.3 | 23.7 | 3.2 | 23.7 | 3.1 | 23.7 | 3.2 | 0.483 | 23.6 | 3.1 | 23.8 | 3.1 | 23.7 | 3.3 | 23.9 | 3.3 | 0.120 |
| Steps per day | 6958 | 4514 | 7092 | 4328 | 7065 | 5208 | 6954 | 4082 | 0.834 | 7051 | 4915 | 6994 | 4264 | 6919 | 4227 | 7061 | 4428 | 0.890 | 6276 | 4262 | 6839 | 5236 | 7193 | 4236 | 7448 | 4360 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure | 132.6 | 18.0 | 133.6 | 17.6 | 136.6 | 17.5 | 136.9 | 17.1 | <0.001 | 135.9 | 18.1 | 134.9 | 17.3 | 134.4 | 17.2 | 135.3 | 17.5 | 0.171 | 137.2 | 16.8 | 136.0 | 17.6 | 135.1 | 17.7 | 133.7 | 17.8 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 82.5 | 11.5 | 81.9 | 11.4 | 82.0 | 10.8 | 81.6 | 10.7 | 0.324 | 82.5 | 11.3 | 81.8 | 10.9 | 81.4 | 11.2 | 81.8 | 10.5 | 0.098 | 81.0 | 10.8 | 81.4 | 10.7 | 82.2 | 11.0 | 82.8 | 11.4 | 0.000 |
| Serum total cholesterol | 196.4 | 34.4 | 197.5 | 33.3 | 194.3 | 34.5 | 194.7 | 33.6 | 0.083 | 194.9 | 34.2 | 195.3 | 33.7 | 195.8 | 33.4 | 196.8 | 34.2 | 0.576 | 188.1 | 33.4 | 194.3 | 33.7 | 196.2 | 33.6 | 200.5 | 33.8 | <0.001 |
| Serum HDLcholesterol | 54.4 | 14.2 | 55.0 | 15.1 | 54.9 | 14.4 | 54.7 | 15.7 | 0.819 | 54.9 | 15.4 | 55.1 | 14.7 | 54.4 | 15.0 | 54.5 | 14.2 | 0.627 | 53.2 | 14.4 | 53.8 | 14.1 | 55.0 | 15.1 | 56.2 | 15.5 | <0.001 |
| Serum LDL cholesterol | 117.5 | 31.4 | 116.6 | 30.3 | 113.5 | 31.2 | 112.8 | 29.6 | <0.001 | 113.2 | 31.1 | 114.5 | 30.5 | 115.3 | 30.3 | 117.2 | 30.0 | 0.011 | 109.2 | 30.0 | 114.7 | 30.1 | 114.9 | 30.0 | 118.0 | 31.3 | <0.001 |
| HbA1C | 5.7 | 0.8 | 5.7 | 0.8 | 5.8 | 0.8 | 5.8 | 0.7 | <0.001 | 5.8 | 0.8 | 5.8 | 0.8 | 5.8 | 0.7 | 5.8 | 0.9 | 0.107 | 5.9 | 0.8 | 5.9 | 0.8 | 5.8 | 0.8 | 5.7 | 0.8 | <0.001 |
| Anti-hypertensive medication (%) | 21.3 | 26.7 | 33.2 | 35.4 | <0.001 | 28.0 | 30.3 | 32.7 | 31.3 | 0.011 | 42.1 | 33.4 | 28.0 | 22.3 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Anti-diabetic medication (%) | 5.6 | 8.4 | 9.3 | 9.5 | 0.001 | 6.9 | 8.5 | 9.1 | 10.4 | 0.001 | 11.9 | 10.2 | 7.8 | 5.7 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Anti-lipid medication (%) | 8.4 | 11.0 | 12.9 | 14.9 | <0.001 | 9.2 | 11.7 | 14.6 | 16.0 | <0.001 | 14.8 | 15.0 | 11.9 | 9.2 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Current smoking (%) | 42.2 | 32.8 | 28.3 | 21.5 | <0.001 | 34.2 | 29.7 | 25.3 | 26.2 | <0.001 | 21.8 | 25.1 | 32.7 | 35.5 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Past smoking (%) | 30.3 | 37.8 | 43.1 | 48.6 | <0.001 | 37.4 | 40.9 | 45.2 | 44.5 | <0.001 | 48.5 | 43.0 | 40.6 | 36.1 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Current drinking (%) | 37.1 | 33.8 | 36.6 | 34.8 | 0.271 | 43.2 | 36.5 | 32.5 | 23.4 | <0.001 | 24.7 | 31.6 | 37.8 | 42.9 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Women (N) | 1589 | 1715 | 1747 | 1628 | 999 | 1715 | 1932 | 2033 | 2116 | 1923 | 1595 | 1045 | |||||||||||||||
| Age at survey (yrs) | 49.2 | 15.3 | 56.4 | 15.8 | 59.9 | 14.1 | 64.1 | 11.9 | <0.001 | 57.2 | 16.3 | 56.6 | 16.0 | 57.6 | 15.4 | 58.2 | 14.2 | 0.011 | 63.0 | 14.2 | 57.6 | 14.9 | 53.9 | 15.2 | 51.5 | 14.7 | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 154.9 | 6.3 | 153.7 | 6.7 | 153.3 | 6.7 | 152.1 | 6.2 | <0.001 | 152.8 | 7.1 | 153.2 | 6.8 | 153.5 | 6.5 | 154.0 | 6.1 | <0.001 | 151.7 | 6.7 | 153.6 | 6.5 | 154.5 | 6.3 | 155.2 | 6.0 | <0.001 |
| Body weight (kg) | 53.7 | 8.9 | 53.2 | 8.8 | 53.1 | 8.8 | 53.1 | 8.3 | 0.102 | 53.8 | 9.6 | 53.4 | 8.6 | 53.3 | 8.7 | 52.9 | 8.2 | 0.091 | 52.2 | 8.5 | 53.4 | 8.4 | 53.9 | 8.9 | 54.3 | 9.0 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 80.5 | 10.3 | 81.3 | 10.2 | 81.8 | 9.8 | 82.8 | 9.7 | <0.001 | 82.1 | 10.6 | 81.9 | 10.1 | 81.7 | 10.1 | 81.0 | 9.7 | 0.013 | 82.0 | 10.0 | 81.7 | 9.9 | 81.3 | 10.4 | 81.0 | 10.1 | 0.026 |
| BMI | 22.4 | 3.7 | 22.6 | 3.6 | 22.6 | 3.5 | 23.0 | 3.4 | <0.001 | 23.1 | 4.0 | 22.8 | 3.5 | 22.6 | 3.6 | 22.3 | 3.4 | <0.001 | 22.7 | 3.5 | 22.6 | 3.5 | 22.6 | 3.7 | 22.6 | 3.6 | 0.837 |
| Steps per day | 6450 | 3696 | 6101 | 3383 | 6366 | 3609 | 6465 | 3958 | 0.014 | 6096 | 4125 | 6242 | 3663 | 6233 | 3476 | 6651 | 3582 | <0.001 | 5824 | 3706 | 6398 | 3559 | 6637 | 3588 | 6837 | 3766 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure | 122.8 | 18.7 | 127.8 | 19.1 | 130.1 | 18.7 | 133.3 | 18.4 | <0.001 | 130.5 | 19.9 | 128.6 | 19.1 | 127.8 | 18.8 | 128.3 | 19.0 | 0.003 | 131.6 | 19.1 | 128.7 | 19.1 | 126.1 | 19.1 | 125.8 | 18.1 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 75.3 | 10.9 | 77.1 | 10.7 | 78.0 | 10.7 | 78.3 | 10.3 | <0.001 | 77.6 | 10.7 | 77.0 | 10.7 | 76.8 | 10.5 | 77.4 | 10.9 | 0.174 | 77.7 | 10.7 | 77.2 | 10.8 | 76.6 | 10.7 | 77.1 | 10.6 | 0.026 |
| Serum total cholesterol | 200.3 | 34.9 | 203.5 | 34.5 | 207.2 | 34.3 | 206.9 | 34.0 | <0.001 | 198.7 | 34.5 | 200.6 | 33.2 | 205.8 | 35.1 | 209.5 | 34.3 | <0.001 | 204.3 | 34.7 | 206.1 | 33.8 | 204.1 | 34.6 | 203.0 | 35.2 | 0.096 |
| Serum HDLcholesterol | 64.4 | 15.0 | 63.8 | 14.9 | 64.1 | 15.9 | 62.8 | 15.2 | 0.018 | 62.0 | 15.4 | 62.5 | 15.1 | 64.2 | 15.5 | 65.4 | 14.9 | <0.001 | 62.2 | 15.0 | 63.6 | 15.3 | 64.7 | 15.2 | 66.0 | 15.7 | <0.001 |
| Serum LDL cholesterol | 116.2 | 31.1 | 118.2 | 30.7 | 119.7 | 30.0 | 119.5 | 30.2 | 0.004 | 114.0 | 30.0 | 115.8 | 29.4 | 119.6 | 31.0 | 121.7 | 30.9 | <0.001 | 118.5 | 30.8 | 119.6 | 30.0 | 118.3 | 30.9 | 116.4 | 30.4 | 0.064 |
| HbA1C | 5.6 | 0.6 | 5.7 | 0.7 | 5.7 | 0.6 | 5.8 | 0.7 | <0.001 | 5.7 | 0.7 | 5.7 | 0.6 | 5.7 | 0.6 | 5.7 | 0.6 | 0.529 | 5.8 | 0.6 | 5.7 | 0.6 | 5.6 | 0.6 | 5.6 | 0.7 | <0.001 |
| Anti-hypertensive medication (%) | 15.7 | 26.3 | 26.4 | 32.7 | <0.001 | 30.2 | 27.4 | 24.4 | 22.2 | <0.001 | 33.9 | 25.4 | 19.5 | 16.9 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Anti-diabetic medication (%) | 3.2 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 5.3 | 0.002 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 3.8 | 4.3 | 0.496 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 2.8 | 2.8 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Anti-lipid medication (%) | 11.1 | 16.3 | 18.5 | 22.4 | <0.001 | 15.1 | 17.1 | 16.9 | 18.3 | 0.021 | 21.2 | 18.5 | 13.7 | 11.6 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Current smoking (%) | 12.4 | 7.0 | 5.3 | 3.1 | <0.001 | 7.0 | 7.3 | 6.4 | 6.9 | 0.351 | 4.9 | 5.6 | 8.2 | 11.3 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Past smoking (%) | 11.4 | 8.2 | 6.3 | 4.4 | <0.001 | 7.5 | 7.1 | 7.6 | 7.9 | 0.229 | 4.8 | 7.5 | 9.3 | 10.5 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Current drinking (%) | 9.1 | 6.6 | 5.4 | 3.9 | <0.001 | 8.6 | 8.2 | 5.7 | 3.8 | <0.001 | 2.6 | 5.9 | 7.7 | 11.9 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
For continuous variables, the general linear model was applied
For categorical variables, the Cochrane-Armitage trend test was applied
Significant P values <0.05 were shown in bold characters