Table 6.
Association of each food intake pattern with hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and elevated LDL cholesterol
| Traditional Japanese | Westernized | Meat and fat | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p for trend | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p for trend | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p for trend | |
| Men (N) | 895 | 1061 | 1228 | 1509 | 1698 | 1127 | 909 | 959 | 947 | 1015 | 1185 | 1539 | |||
| Hypertension | |||||||||||||||
| Prevalence: n (%) | 445 (49.8) | 546 (51.6) | 738 (60.3) | 918 (60.8) | 959 (56.5) | 633 (56.3) | 517 (56.9) | 538 (56.2) | 611 (64.5) | 596 (58.7) | 650 (54.9) | 790 (51.3) | |||
| ORa (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 0.75 (0.59–0.95) | 0.83 (0.65–1.04) | 0.67 (0.53–0.84) | 0.003 | 1 (ref) | 0.93 (0.76–1.14) | 0.86 (0.69–1.06) | 0.84 (0.68–1.05) | 0.169 | 1 (ref) | 1.13 (0.88–1.45) | 1.20 (0.94–1.53) | 1.41 (1.11–1.79) | 0.008 |
| Diabetes | |||||||||||||||
| Prevalence: n (%) | 110 (12.3) | 148 (14.0) | 214 (17.5) | 271 (18.0) | 245 (14.4) | 176 (15.6) | 149 (16.4) | 173 (18.1) | 179 (18.9) | 199 (19.6) | 184 (15.5) | 181 (11.8) | |||
| ORa (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 0.69 (0.48–1.00) | 0.90 (0.64–1.27) | 0.80 (0.57–1.11) | 0.300 | 1 (ref) | 0.92 (0.69–1.23) | 0.87 (0.64–1.19) | 0.92 (0.68–1.25) | 0.839 | 1 (ref) | 1.62 (1.17–2.25) | 1.52 (1.09–2.12) | 1.38 (0.98–1.95) | 0.021 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | |||||||||||||||
| Prevalence: n (%) | 170 (19.0) | 219 (20.7) | 266 (21.7) | 355 (23.5) | 315 (18.6) | 231 (20.5) | 220 (24.2) | 244 (25.5) | 197 (20.8) | 243 (23.9) | 250 (21.1) | 320 (20.8) | |||
| ORa (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.01 (0.75–1.38) | 0.94 (0.69–1.27) | 0.94 (0.70–1.27) | 0.853 | 1 (ref) | 1.04 (0.79–1.36) | 1.20 (0.90–1.60) | 1.22 (0.92–1.62) | 0.415 | 1 (ref) | 1.45 (1.02–2.07) | 1.34 (0.94–1.89) | 1.64 (1.17–2.29) | 0.036 |
| Elevated LDL cholesterol | |||||||||||||||
| Prevalence: n (%) | 161 (18.0) | 200 (18.9) | 234 (19.1) | 314 (20.8) | 270 (15.9) | 213 (18.9) | 206 (22.7) | 220 (23.0) | 190 (20.1) | 217 (21.4) | 223 (18.8) | 279 (18.1) | |||
| ORa (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 0.94 (0.67–1.30) | 0.78 (0.56–1.10) | 0.78 (0.56–1.09) | 0.281 | 1 (ref) | 1.19 (0.88–1.62) | 1.40 (1.02–1.92) | 1.18 (0.85–1.64) | 0.228 | 1 (ref) | 1.11 (0.75–1.64) | 1.07 (0.73–1.57) | 1.28 (0.89–1.85) | 0.462 |
| Women (N) | 1589 | 1716 | 1748 | 1628 | 999 | 1715 | 1932 | 2033 | 2116 | 1923 | 1595 | 1045 | |||
| Hypertension | |||||||||||||||
| Prevalence: n (%) | 439 (27.6) | 697 (40.6) | 778 (44.5) | 835 (51.3) | 461 (46.1) | 727 (42.4) | 782 (40.5) | 779 (38.3) | 1073 (50.7) | 798 (41.5) | 547 (34.3) | 331 (31.7) | |||
| ORa (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.05 (0.83–1.32) | 1.13 (0.91–1.42) | 1.03 (0.82–1.30) | 0.507 | 1 (ref) | 0.96 (0.75–1.23) | 0.90 (0.70–1.14) | 0.88 (0.69–1.11) | 0.142 | 1 (ref) | 1.05 (0.86–1.27) | 1.00 (0.81–1.22) | 1.03 (0.81–1.31) | 0.840 |
| Diabetes | |||||||||||||||
| Prevalence: n (%) | 100 (6.3) | 141 (8.2) | 141 (8.1) | 171 (10.5) | 97 (9.7) | 146 (8.5) | 146 (7.6) | 164 (8.1) | 207 (9.8) | 177 (9.2) | 102 (6.4) | 67 (6.4) | |||
| ORa (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.02 (0.70–1.48) | 0.86 (0.59–1.26) | 0.95 (0.66–1.38) | 0.521 | 1 (ref) | 0.78 (0.54–1.13) | 0.71 (0.49–1.02) | 0.75 (0.52–1.08) | 0.061 | 1 (ref) | 1.14 (0.85–1.55) | 1.09 (0.77–1.53) | 1.31 (0.88–1.96) | 0.231 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | |||||||||||||||
| Prevalence: n (%) | 375 (23.6) | 497 (29.0) | 588 (33.7) | 585 (35.9) | 255 (25.5) | 482 (28.1) | 586 (30.3) | 722 (35.5) | 721 (34.1) | 617 (32.1) | 443 (27.8) | 264 (25.3) | |||
| ORa (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 0.92 (0.74–1.14) | 1.02 (0.83–1.26) | 0.84 (0.67–1.06) | 0.237 | 1 (ref) | 1.13 (0.87–1.46) | 1.33 (1.04–1.71) | 1.80 (1.41–2.29) | <0.001 | 1 (ref) | 1.14 (0.94–1.38) | 1.21 (0.99–1.48) | 1.21 (0.96–1.53) | 0.567 |
| Elevated LDL cholesterol | |||||||||||||||
| Prevalence: n (%) | 302 (19.0) | 426 (24.8) | 491 (28.1) | 514 (31.6) | 218 (21.8) | 418 (24.4) | 505 (26.1) | 592 (29.1) | 631 (29.8) | 516 (26.8) | 373 (23.4) | 213 (20.4) | |||
| ORa (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.06 (0.82–1.37) | 1.12 (0.87–1.45) | 1.05 (0.80–1.38) | 0.755 | 1 (ref) | 1.19 (0.86–1.62) | 1.43 (1.06–1.93) | 1.75 (1.30–2.35) | <0.001 | 1 (ref) | 0.99 (0.78–1.24) | 1.15 (0.91–1.46) | 1.06 (0.80–1.40) | 0.333 |
a The logistic regression analysis adjusted for participant age, waist circumference, BMI, steps count, medication status (hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia), smoking and drinking status was applied
OR (95% CI): Adjusted odds ratio (95% Confidence Interval)
Significant P values <0.05 were shown in bold characters