Table 1.
Participant characteristics
| Non-smokers | Smokers | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sated | Abstinent | NS vs. Sat | NS vs. Abs | Sat vs. Abs | ||
| Male | 37% | 65% | 2.65 × 10−3 | |||
| Age | 30.9 (11.3) | 42.4 (11.7) | 1.80 × 10−6 | |||
| Cigarettes per day | 15.9 (7.0) | |||||
| Years of smoking | 26.2 (12.7) | |||||
| Lifetime pack-years | 22.1 (16.2) | |||||
| Carbon monoxidea | 21.9 (12.6) | 10.2 (6.8) | 3.95 × 10−9 | |||
| FTNDa | 5.1 (2.1) | 5.1 (2.0) | 0.946 | |||
| PANASa | −7.4 (10.2) | −7.5 (9.5) | 0.976 | |||
| SJWQa | 3.4 (0.7) | 3.9 (1.0) | 1.77 × 10−3 | |||
| RSFC | ||||||
| Caudate-amygdala | 0.148 (0.102) | −0.539 (0.146) | 0.361 (0.149) | 3.40 × 10−4 | 0.277 | 1.38 × 10−4 |
| Caudate-mPFC | −0.241 (0.125) | 0.356 (0.117) | −0.001 (0.157) | 9.08 × 10−4 | 0.265 | 0.099 |
| Caudate-sPFC | −0.224 (0.118) | 0.309 (0.144) | 0.023 (0.145) | 6.48 × 10−3 | 0.221 | 0.198 |
| Caudate-GP | 0.211 (0.118) | −0.294 (0.138) | −0.020 (0.154) | 7.91 × 10−3 | 0.269 | 0.225 |
| Putamen-mPFC | −0.261 (0.124) | 0.244 (0.120) | 0.159 (0.159) | 4.93 × 10−3 | 0.054 | 0.696 |
| Caudate activity, during | ||||||
| Reward | 0.186 (0.847) | −0.317 (1.070) | 0.002 (1.100) | 0.015 | 0.358 | |
| Disappointment | 0.038 (0.984) | −0.139 (0.975) | 0.072 (1.056) | 0.376 | 0.868 | |
| Putamen activity, during | ||||||
| Reward | 0.112 (0.981) | −0.067 (1.062) | −0.114 (0.973) | 0.393 | 0.244 | |
| Disappointment | −0.012 (1.040) | 0.002 (0.885) | 0.021 (1.059) | 0.957 | 0.872 | |
Mean participant characteristics are displayed with standard errors in parentheses. Caudate and putamen fMRI activities during reward and disappointment are presented as z-scores. The sample sizes for each comparison differ depending on type of data collected, as discussed in the Methods section: non-smokers range from N = 64 to N = 67 and smokers range from N = 42 to N = 52. a denotes comparison using paired t-test; all other comparisons were performed using unpaired t-tests and χ 2 tests for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Abs abstinent smokers; FTND Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, GP globus pallidus, mPFC medial prefrontal cortex, NS non-smokers, PANAS Positive And Negative Affect Scale, RSFC resting state functional connectivity, Sat Sated smokers, SJWQ Shiffman-Jarvik Withdrawal Questionnaire, sPFC superior prefrontal cortex