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. 2017 Sep 19;17:169. doi: 10.1186/s12909-017-0995-z

Table 2.

Displays the leadership styles identified by first- middle- and senior- level leaders as being most frequently used in their practice (top three rankings)

Rank Leadership styles First-level leaders Middle-level leaders Senior leaders
1 Visionary 25% 25% 33%
Coaching 11% 50% 17%
Affiliative 11% 0% 33%
Democratic 50% 25% 17%
Pacesetting 4% 0% 0%
Commanding 0% 0% 0%
2 Visionary 14% 25% 17%
Coaching 43% 38% 17%
Affiliative 11% 13% 0%
Democratic 21% 25% 50%
Pacesetting 11% 0% 17%
Commanding 0% 0% 0%
3 Visionary 21% 13% 17%
Coaching 29% 13% 50%
Affiliative 21% 38% 17%
Democratic 21% 25% 17%
Pacesetting 4% 13% 0%
Commanding 4% 0% 0%