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. 2016 Jul 15;3(3):15. doi: 10.3390/vetsci3030015

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© 2016 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effect of A. phagocytophilum infection on apoptosis pathways in tick cells. (A) In I. ricinus IRE/CTVM20 cells, A. phagocytophilum inhibits apoptosis through up-regulation of the JAK/STAT pathway and up-regulation of FAS coding genes in the extrinsic pathway; (B) A. phagocytophilum inhibits apoptosis in I. scapularis ISE6 cells by down-regulation of the the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, modulation of protein processing in the ER and glucose metabolism. Down-regulation of α-fodrin and Neogenin has also been observed in ISE6 cells. Up-regulated in green, down-regulated in red. ASK1: apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1; MKK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; SOCS: suppressor of cytokine signalling.