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. 2016 Sep 21;3(3):25. doi: 10.3390/vetsci3030025

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© 2016 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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SUMO-2/3 colocalizes with vimentin assembled around the ApV. (A) Vimentin and SUMO-2/3 strongly colocalize in infected RF/6A cells. RF/6A cells that had been infected with A. phagocytophilum for 8, 12, 16, 24, or 32 h and uninfected cells were labeled with SUMO-2/3 and vimentin antibodies and examined by LSCM; (B) Vimentin and SUMO-2/3 strongly colocalize in infected HL-60 cells. A. phagocytophilum-infected HL-60 cells were labeled with SUMO-2/3 and vimentin antibodies and examined by LSCM; (C) The localization pattern of SUMO-2/3 and vimentin around the ApV extend beyond the pattern of the known SUMOylated A. phagocytophilum protein, AmpA, that localizes to the ApV membrane. A. phagocytophilum-infected RF/6A cells were labeled with AmpA and vimentin or SUMO-2/3 antibodies and examined by LSCM. (A–C) Asterisks (*) denote ApVs. Host nuclei and bacterial DNA were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars, 5 μm. Regions that are demarcated by hatched lined boxes correspond to the regions magnified in the enlargement. Results in all panels are representative of two to three experiments with similar results.