Table 1.
Pathogens and associated agonists that elicit inflammasome activation.
| Microbe | Organism | Gram Staining OR Phylogeny | Inflammasome | Agonist | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | Mycobacterium spp. | Acid-fast | NLRP3, AIM2 | ATP, ESX-1, K+ efflux, ROS, DNA, cathepsin B release, lysosomal acidification | [57,58,59,60] |
| Bacillus anthracis | Gram-positive | NLRP1 | Lethal factor, K+ efflux | [61,62,63,64,65,66] | |
| Chlamydia spp. | Gram-negative | NLRP3 | K+ efflux, cathepsin B release, ROS | [67,68,69] | |
| Salmonella spp. | Gram-negative | NLRC4, NLRP3 | Flagellin, rod (PrgJ) and needle proteins | [4,18,70,71,72,73,74] | |
| Legionella pneumophila | Gram-negative | NLRC4, NLRP3 | Flagellin, T4SS effectors | [71,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89] | |
| Shigella flexneri | Gram-negative | NLRC4, NLRP3 | Flagellin, MixI toxin | [90,91,92,93] | |
| Enterohemorrhagic and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli | Gram-negative | NLRP3 | T3SS effectors, cytoplasmic mRNA, NleA and NleE | [21,94,95,96,97,98] | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Gram-negative | NLRC4 | Flagellin, mitochondrial DNA | [99,100,101,102,103] | |
| Listeria monocytogenes | Gram-positive | NLRC4, NLRP3, AIM2 | Flagellin, DNA, listeriolysin O | [104,105,106] | |
| Anaplasma phagocytophilum | Gram-negative | NLRC4 | Unknown | [5,107,108,109,110] | |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | Gram-negative | Unknown. ASC and caspase-1 dependent | Unknown | [111,112,113,114] | |
| Ehrlichia spp. | Gram-negative | NLRP3, caspase-11 | Unknown | [115,116] | |
| Francisella spp. | Gram-negative | AIM2 | dsDNA | [117,118] | |
| Rickettsia spp. | Gram-negative | NLRP3 | Unknown | [119] | |
| Parasites | Leishmania spp. | Kinetoplastid; vector-borne | NLRP3 | K+ efflux, cathepsin B, Syk-mediated ROS production | [120,121,122] |
| Trypanosoma cruzi | Kinetoplastid; vector-borne | NLRP3 | Lysosomal damage, ROS, K+ efflux | [123,124] | |
| Plasmodium spp. | Apicomplexan; vector-borne | NLRP3, AIM2, NLRP12 | Hemozoin, K+ efflux, free heme, ROS production, DNA | [125,126,127,128,129] | |
| Schistosoma mansoni | Helminth | NLRP3 | ROS production, K+ efflux | [130,131] | |
| Viruses | Hepatitis B virus (HBV) | Hepadnaviridae; dsDNA-RT | AIM2 | viral dsDNA | [132] |
| Hepatitis C virus (HCV) | Flavivirus; (+) RNA genome | NLRP3 | K+ efflux, ROS | [133,134,135] | |
| Vaccinia | Orthopoxvirus; dsDNA genome | AIM2 | viral dsDNA | [136] | |
| Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) | Pneumovirus; (−) RNA genome | NLRP3 | ROS, K+ efflux | [137] | |
| Rhinovirus | Enterovirus; (+) RNA genome | NLRP3, NLRC5 | Ion channel protein 2B | [138] | |
| Dengue virus (DENV) | Flavivirus; vector-borne | NLRP3 | ROS | [139,140] | |
| Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) | Alphavirus; vector-borne | AIM2, NLRP3 | Unknown | [141,142] | |
| Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) | Lentivirus; (+) RNA genome | NLRP3 | Cathepsin B, ROS, K+ efflux | [135,143,144,145] | |
| Influenza A (IAV) | Influenza virus A; (−) RNA genome | NLRP3 | ROS, lysosomal maturation, K+ efflux | [22,146,147] | |
| Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) | Simplex virus; dsDNA | NLRP3, AIM2 | dsDNA | [23,148] |