Table 2.
Pesticides commonly used in the study area (Arusha region, Tanzania) and the long-term neurological and hepato-nephrotoxic adverse effects reported in animal and/or human studies.
| Active Ingredients (WHO Classification) | Common Names in the Area | Reported Effects of Repeated Exposure |
|---|---|---|
| OPs: Profenofos (II) | Selecron, Profecron, Mocron, Supercron, | Neurologic disorders |
| - | Tanzacron, Polytrin, Profit, etc. | Inhibits cholinesterase activity in high dose (animals) |
| OPs: Chlorpyrifos (II) | Dursban, Bamifos, Twigaphos, Duduba, * etc. | Persisting neurologic damage (humans); changes in organ weights (e.g., liver), cholinesterase enzyme inhibition, developmental neurotoxicity (DNA, synaptic, mitotic inhibition, etc.) (animals) |
| CMs: Carbosulfan (II) | Marshal, etc. | Cholinesterase enzyme inhibition, liver pathology |
| Pyrethroids (II): Permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrine | Ninja, Karate, Ngao, Duduba, * etc. | Polyneuropathy and degeneration of ovary (rats), sperm abnormality |
| OC: Endosulfan (II) | Thionex, Thiodan, etc. | Neurological disorders, kidney and liver, endocrine disruption |
| Mancozeb (Unclassified) | Farmzeb, Oshothane, Milthane, Ivory, Dithane, Mancozeb *, Linkmil, * etc. | by EPA, reproductive effects (birth defects) and developmental effects due to metabolite ethylenethiourea; Hepatoxic and nephrotoxic (rats) |
* Symbol shows formulation in combination. WHO classification II means moderately hazardous. OPs, Organophosphorus pesticides; CMs, Carbamates; OCs, Organochlorine pesticides.