Table 1.

Studies associating pesticide exposure and neurologic function ¹.

Subject	Findings	Reference(s)
Organochlorines
Human (Children)	Decr. cognitive, quantitative, verbal, sensory, memory functions; hyporeflexia	[81,82,83,84,85,86,87]
Human (Adults)	Decr. neurobehavioral performance	[88]
	Incr. serum and brain DDE levels associated with AD	[78]
	Presence of heptachlor assoc. with Lewy body pathology	[89]
Mice	Incr. DAT, increased DA uptake, VMAT2, TH in striatum	[90,91,92]
	DA neuron loss in substantia nigra, gliosis in ventral midbrain	[93,94,95,96]
	Incr. NE in hippocampus, brainstem	[97]
	Incr. 5HT in frontal cortex, decr. 5HT in striatum	[98]
	Altered GABAA, GluN2B, D2 receptors in frontal cortex	[58]
	Altered CAMKII, GluR1, tau in hippocampus and frontal cortex	[99]
	Parkinsonism-like movement	[93]
	Motor, cognitive behavioral deficits	[99]
	Developmental exposure potentiates MPTP toxicity	[91,100]
Rats	Incr. DAT binding	[101]
Mouse cortex primary culture	Decr. synaptic puncta, neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis	[56,102]
	Altered MAPK, PI3K/Akt, estrogen receptor pathways	[94]
	Incr. NMDA receptor internalization and decr. mGLUR5 levels	[103]
Mouse cerebellum primary culture	Decr. GABAA and NMDA receptors	[104]
Organophosphates
Human (Children)	Decr. IQ, working memory index, cognition	[68,72]
	Incr. risk of ADHD	[68]
Human (Adults)	Self-reported memory, fatigue, muscle strength issues	[105]
Mice	Altered 5HT transporter, 5HT receptors in forebrain, brainstem	[106,107,108]
	Reduced ChAT, vAchT	[109,110,111]
	Learning, memory defects, incr. locomotion	[112,113,114]
	Decr. CAMKII in hippocampus, synaptophysin in frontal cortex	[114]
Rats	Decr. muscarinic receptors, decr. AChE activity, ChAT, vAchT	[115,116,117,118,119]
Pyrethroids
Mice	ADHD-like behaviors: working memory and attention deficits, hyperactivity, impulse-like behaviors	[71]
	Incr. striatal DA uptake mediated by DAT, incr. D1 receptor	[71,120]
	Altered GluR1 in hippocampus, altered tau in frontal cortex	[99]
Rats	Striatal administration causes altered extracellular 5HT release	[121]
	Incr. extracellular glutamate, decr. GABA	[122]

¹ DDE, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene; AD, Alzheimer Disease; DAT, dopamine transporter; DA, dopamine; VMAT2, vesicular monoamine transporter 2; GluN2B, glutamate receptor; CAMKII, calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II; GluR1, glutamate receptor 1; MPTP, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate; ADHD, Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; 5HT, serotonin; ChAT, choline acetyltransferase; vAchT, vesicular acetylcholine transporter; AChE, acetylcholinesterase; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid.