Fig. 2. Energy budget shell cost throughout the lifetime of species.

Percentage of the total annual energy budget devoted to shell production for (A) gastropods and (B) bivalves for all years of life up to the maximum age found in sample populations. Line colors denote species from tropical (red), warm-temperate (orange), cool-temperate (green), and polar (Arctic, light blue; Antarctic, dark blue) locations and were calculated using the mean CaCO₃ deposition cost of 1.5 J mg⁻¹ CaCO₃. Gray lines indicate the range of values of energy budget cost calculated using CaCO₃ deposition costs of 1 to 2 J mg⁻¹.