Table 1. Event names, event abbreviations, and data used to construct Figs. 2 and 3.

Values of δ₁ and Δ_r are given in per mil (‰) and derive from the formula δ₁ = 1000 × (R − R_std)/R_std, where abundance ratios R = ¹³C/¹²C are obtained from samples of inorganic (carbonate) carbon and R_std is a standard ratio. The variables Δ_r, τ_env, φ, and M are defined in the text. In Fig. 2, the six Eocene and four Miocene events are denoted by Eo and Mio, respectively.

Event name	Abbreviation	Date[Ma]	δ1(0)	δ1(τenv)	Δr	τenv[My]	φ	M
Ediacaran-Cambrian	Edi	541.00	2.50	−4.00	−6.50	2.000	0.32	2.302
Nemakit-Daldynian-Tommotian	NDT	524.36	5.00	−3.00	−8.00	0.982	0.41	1.450
Cambrian Spice	Spice	497.00	4.30	1.30	−3.00	1.000	0.12	0.443
End-Ordovician	Ord	445.80	4.90	−0.70	−5.60	0.230	0.42	0.344
Silurian Mulde	Mul	428.20	4.00	1.00	−3.00	0.260	0.19	0.181
Silurian Lau	Lau	423.50	7.00	1.00	−6.00	0.500	0.30	0.538
Frasnian-Famennian	FF	372.20	3.50	2.00	−1.50	1.540	0.06	0.311
Tournaisian	Tou	351.55	5.60	2.10	−3.50	1.510	0.13	0.727
Mid-Capitanian	Cap	262.45	4.00	−1.00	−5.00	0.500	0.27	0.480
End-Permian	PT	251.94	4.00	−1.50	−5.50	0.060	1.13	0.243
Early Triassic	Tr	251.22	2.00	−1.50	−3.50	0.250	0.26	0.228
Triassic-Jurassic	TJ	201.64	0.00	−2.00	−2.00	0.050	0.49	0.087
Toarcian	Toar	182.60	2.10	−0.90	−3.00	0.150	0.29	0.157
Aptian	Apt	120.21	2.95	1.80	−1.15	0.047	0.26	0.043
Albian-Cenomanian	Al/Cn	100.50	2.50	1.80	−0.70	0.110	0.08	0.030
Mid-Cenomanian	mCn	95.90	3.10	2.25	−0.85	0.138	0.08	0.038
Cenomanian-Turonian	CT	94.20	5.30	3.70	−1.60	0.553	0.07	0.135
Cretaceous-Paleogene	KT	65.50	3.13	1.98	−1.15	0.026	0.44	0.041
Early late Paleocene	ELPE	58.90	3.48	3.07	−0.42	0.039	0.11	0.015
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum	PETM	55.50	1.90	−0.80	−2.70	0.083	0.41	0.121
Eocene Thermal Maximum 2	ETM2	53.70	1.40	0.27	−1.12	0.045	0.28	0.045
Eocene Hyperthermal H2	H2	53.60	1.40	0.80	−0.60	0.033	0.19	0.023
Eocene Hyperthermal I2	I2	53.20	1.56	0.95	−0.61	0.040	0.16	0.023
Eocene Hyperthermal I1	I1	53.10	1.56	0.84	−0.72	0.040	0.19	0.028
Eocene Thermal Maximum 3	ETM3	52.50	0.20	−0.60	−0.80	0.037	0.24	0.032
Eocene-Oligocene boundary	Oi1	33.50	1.60	1.00	−0.60	0.430	0.03	0.047
Miocene Climatic Optimum 1	MCO1	16.90	1.94	1.44	−0.50	0.028	0.18	0.018
Miocene Climatic Optimum 2	MCO2	16.40	1.80	1.04	−0.76	0.022	0.35	0.028
Miocene Climatic Optimum 3	MCO3	16.00	2.33	1.67	−0.66	0.032	0.21	0.024
Miocene Climatic Optimum 4	MCO4	15.60	2.17	1.57	−0.60	0.029	0.21	0.022
Last Glacial Maximum–to–Holocene	LGMH	0.02	0.11	0.45	0.34	0.018	−0.20	−0.013