Fig. 3.

Photovoltaic properties of self-assembled monolayer modified back-contact perovskite solar cells. a J–V curves of a dipole-modified gold-perovskite-gold bc-PSC measured under standard solar irradiation (AM 1.5 G, 1000 W m⁻²), reverse scan (solid blue, encapsulated; solid red, unencapsulated) and forward scan (dashed blue, encapsulated, dashed red, unencapsulated). b Spectral response (External quantum efficiency – EQE, solid line) and the corresponding integrated short-circuit current density (dashed line) of a SAM-modified PSC. c Time evolution of the maximum power point photocurrent density (J _MPP) of a SAM-modified (red) and poled, unmodified bc-PSC (black) and their power output d