Table 1. Demographic, Medical Characteristics, and Substance Use among Study Participants.
| Controls (n=27) | OMT (n=26) | ALC (n=22) | OMT+ALC (n=27) | pa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean years ± SD) | 27.2 ± 6.1 | 28.4 ± 5.4 | 27 ± 5.9 | 26.8 ± 5.5 | 0.11 |
| Gestational age at enrollment (mean years ± SD) | 25.2 ± 7.3 | 21.3 ± 6.0 | 27.6 ± 6.7 | 23.3 ± 7.6 | 0.01 |
| Marital status, n (%) | 0.01 | ||||
| single/separated/divorced | 8 (29.6) | 18 (69.2) | 9 (40.9) | 17 (62.9) | |
| married/co-habitating | 19 (70.4) | 8 (30.8) | 13 (59.1) | 10 (37.0) | |
| Race: White, n (%) | 27 (100) | 23 (88.5) | 18 (81.8) | 23 (85.2) | 0.11 |
| Hispanic, n (%) | 16 (59.3) | 17 (65.4) | 10 (45.4) | 19 (70.4) | 0.33 |
| Education, n (%) | 0.003 | ||||
| high-school or lower | 8 (29.6) | 16 (61.5) | 10 (45.4) | 21 (77.8) | |
| some college or higher | 19 (70.4) | 10 (38.5) | 12 (54.6) | 6 (22.2) | |
| Employed, n (%) | 12 (44.4) | 7 (26.9) | 13 (59.1) | 5 (18.5) | 0.01 |
| Health insurance, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Medicaid | 16 (57.1) | 24 (100.0) | 9 (60.0) | 11 (78.6) | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, n (%) | 0.38 | ||||
| <=24.9 | 15 (55.6) | 16 (65.5) | 8 (36.4) | 18 (66.7) | |
| >=25.0 to 29.9 | 7 (25.9) | 6 (23.1) | 6 (27.3) | 6 (22.2) | |
| >=30.0 | 5 (18.5) | 4 (15.4) | 8 (36.4) | 3 (11.1) | |
| Any medical condition, n (%) | 6 (22.2) | 18 (69.2) | 8 (36.4) | 22 (81.5) | <0.001 |
| Unplanned pregnancy, n (%) | 9 (33.3) | 19 (73.1) | 12 (54.5) | 23 (85.2) | 0.001 |
| Multivitamin use (>4 times/week), n (%) | |||||
| around LMP | 12 (44.4) | 3 (11.5) | 7 (31.8) | 8 (29.6) | 0.06 |
| at enrollment | 24 (88.9) | 21 (80.8) | 18 (81.8) | 21 (77.8) | 0.76 |
| at delivery | 26 (96.3) | 21 (80.8) | 20 (90.9) | 22 (81.5) | 0.24 |
| Iron supplements, n (%) | |||||
| at enrollment | 7 (25.9) | 5 (19.2) | 2 (9.1) | 4 (14.8) | 0.46 |
| Poly-drug use, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 17 (65.4) | 9 (40.9) | 20 (74.1) | <0.001 |
| Tobacco use, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 14 (53.8) | 0 (0.0) | 18 (66.7) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol exposure, mean ± SD) | |||||
| around LMP (SDU/month) | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0 | 61.5 ± 124.6 | 45.1 ± 115.1 | |
| total during pregnancy | 0 | 0 | 112.5 ± 289.3 | 64.2 ± 197.7 |
Abbreviations: OMT: Opioid maintenance therapy; ALC: Alcohol exposed; OMT+ALC: concurrent exposure to OMT and alcohol; SDU: Standard drinking units, a drink that equals 14 gram of alcohol.
a
Based on ANOVA and Fisher's exact tests for continuous and categorical variables, respectively