Table 4. Estimated Micronutrient Intake by Study Group.
| Micronutrient intake from dieta | Controls (n=27) | OMT (n=26) | ALC (n=22) | OMT+ALC (n=27) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin A (mcg-RAE) | ||||
| Unadjusted | 958.0 ± 406.4 | 917.5 ± 505.3 | 1033.7 ± 552.6 | 946.8 ± 4445.5 |
| Energy-adjusted | Ref | -21.6%* | 2.2% | -23.1%* |
| Energy adjusted + MVRb | Ref | -11.6% | 4.6% | -11.5% |
|
| ||||
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | ||||
| Unadjusted | 2.0 ± 0.7 | 2.4 ± 1.2 | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 2.3 ± 0.9 |
| Energy-adjusted | Ref | -6.3% | -1.7% | -13.7%* |
| Energy adjusted + MVR | Ref | 1.7% | 0.7% | -5.5% |
|
| ||||
| Vitamin B12 (mcg) | ||||
| Unadjusted | 4.7 ± 2.3 | 6.1 ± 4.3 | 6.4 ± 6.5 | 6.9 ± 7.9 |
| Energy-adjusted | Ref | 3.6% | 17.2% | -3.9% |
| Energy adjusted + MVR | Ref | 15.8% | 14.2% | 11.2% |
|
| ||||
| Vitamin C (mg) | ||||
| Unadjusted | 152.4 ± 118.7 | 199.7 ± 145.8 | 133.5 ± 83.1 | 179.9 ± 106.1 |
| Energy-adjusted | Ref | 2.9% | -24.6% | -6.6% |
| Energy adjusted + MVR | Ref | 3.1% | -23.7% | -8.8% |
|
| ||||
| Vitamin D (mcg) | ||||
| Unadjusted | 5.3 ± 3.3 | 5.9 ± 4.8 | 5.2 ± 5.4 | 7.1 ± 7.1 |
| Energy-adjusted | Ref | -12.8% | -7.2% | -1.3% |
| Energy adjusted + MVR | Ref | -13.2% | -15.0% | 2.2% |
|
| ||||
| Vitamin E (a-TE) | ||||
| Unadjusted | 11.0 ± 4.7 | 11.0 ± 5.6 | 10.4 ± 4.9 | 12.2 ± 5.3 |
| Energy-adjusted | Ref | -16.9%** | -6.9% | -14.3%* |
| Energy adjusted + MVR | Ref | -12.7% | -5.6% | -10.1% |
|
| ||||
| Iron (mg) | ||||
| Unadjusted | 15.5 ± 6.4 | 16.4 ± 8.6 | 16.1 ± 6.2 | 19.5 ± 9.2 |
| Energy-adjusted | Ref | -13.8%* | 4.3% | -4.3% |
| Energy adjusted + MVR | Ref | -15.0%* | 3.0% | -3.8% |
|
| ||||
| Folate (DFE) | ||||
| Unadjusted | 583.5 ± 218.4 | 587.1 ± 327.7 | 546.4 ± 249.9 | 641.38 ± 277.5 |
| Energy-adjusted | Ref | -19.6%** | -8.6% | -15.8%* |
| Energy adjusted + MVR | Ref | -16.8%* | -8.2% | -12.1% |
|
| ||||
| Choline (mg) | ||||
| Unadjusted | 325.9 ± 110.5 | 382.8 ± 212.2 | 362.6 ± 153.9 | 368.8 ± 159.8 |
| Energy-adjusted | Ref | -5.1% | 7.77% | -13.9%* |
| Energy adjusted + MVR | Ref | -0.5% | 7.7% | -8.6% |
Abbreviations: mcg-RAE: microgram – retinol activity equivalents, a-TE: alpha-tocopherol equivalents, DFE: dietary folate equivalents
a
Unadjusted values expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Energy adjusted (micronutrient intake per 1000 Kcal per day energy intake) and energy adjusted + MVR values presented are percentage difference compared to intake in controls. Percentage difference = (exp(B)-1)*100%.
b
MVR: multivariable regression adjusted for BMI (categorical), tobacco use (anytime during pregnancy), ethnicity, marital status, employment status.
*
p<0.05,
**
p<0.01