Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants in the CARB Study stratified by enterolactone (ENL) and enterodiol (END) excretion on the whole grain (WG) and refined grain (RG) diets.a
| WG Diet | RG Diet | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|
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| All | ENL | END | ENL | END | |||||
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
| <4.13 | ≥ 4.13 | <0.45 | ≥ 0.45 | <2.20 | ≥ 2.20 | <0.16 | ≥ 0.16 | ||
| Participants, n | 80 | 41 | 39 | 43 | 37 | 41 | 39 | 40 | 40 |
| Males, n (%) | 40 (50) | 20 (50) | 20 (50) | 23 (57.5) | 17 (42.5) | 21 (52.5) | 19 (47.5) | 21 (52.5) | 19 (47.5) |
| Females, n (%) | 40 (50) | 21 (52.5) | 19 (47.5) | 20 (50) | 20 (50) | 21 (52.5) | 19 (47.5) | 19 (47.5) | 21 (52.5) |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | |||||||||
| White | 35 (44) | 12 (34) | 23 (66) | 16 (46) | 19 (54) | 13 (37) | 22 (63) | 17 (49) | 18 (51) |
| Hispanic | 20 (25) | 10 (50) | 10 (50) | 7 (35) | 13 (65) | 11 (65) | 9 (35) | 9 (45) | 11 (55) |
| Black | 17 (21) | 13 (76) | 4 (24) | 14(82) | 3 (18) | 11 (55) | 6 (45) | 11 (65) | 6 (35) |
| Other | 8 (10) | 6 (75) | 2 (25) | 6 (75) | 2 (25) | 6 (75) | 2 (25) | 3 (37.5) | 5 (62.5) |
| Age, y (SD) | 29.6 (8.1) | 28.7 (8.3) | 30.6 (8.0) | 30.1 (8.2) | 29.0 (8.2) | 28.4 (8.1) | 30.9 (8.1) | 29.5 (8.1) | 29.8 (8.3) |
| Weight, kg (SD) | 81.1 (21.6) | 82.5 (23.3) | 79.7 (20.0) | 80.8 (25.0) | 81.5 (17.5) | 79.4 (23.3) | 82.9 (20.0) | 82.2 (23.6) | 80.1 (19.8) |
| BMI, kg/m2 (SD) | 27.4 (5.9) | 27.6 (6.0) | 27.2 (5.9) | 27.0 (6.2) | 27.9 (5.6) | 26.8 (5.8) | 28.1 (6.0) | 27.6 (5.5) | 27.3 (6.4) |
| Body fat, % (SD) | 32.8 (11.8) | 33.9 (10.8) | 31.8 (12.9) | 31.2 (10.5) | 34.7 (13.1) | 32.8 (10.6) | 32.9 (13.1) | 33.3 (22.4) | 32.4 (12.4) |
| Total lignans, mg/d (SD) | 30.7 (11.2) | 40.4 (7.8) | 40.0 (7.1) | 40.8 (7.9) | 39.6 (7.5) | 21.2 (4.2) | 21.3 (3.8) | 21.0 (4.3) | 21.5 (3.7) |
NOTE: Values are expressed as means or proportions
a
Urinary enterolignan excretion in µmol/24 h and separated by the median
ENL=enterolactone; END=enterodiol; WG= whole grain diet; RG = refined grain diet