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. 2017 Sep 20;7:11987. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12278-7

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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OLR (NOAA), vertical velocity, Plumb wave activity fluxes, tropopause height and PV (ERA interim) during EN and LN. (a,b,c) Represents latitude-longitude section of NDJFM mean NOAA interpolated OLR (W/m²) for EN, LN and the difference between EN & LN years, respectively. (d,e,f) Represent the latitude-height section of NDJFM mean of pressure vertical velocity i.e. Omega (Pa s⁻¹) for EN, LN and the difference between EN & LN years, respectively and mean over 160–240°E. (g,h,i) Represent same as (d,e,f), but for U (color shading, m s⁻¹) and Plumb wave activity fluxes (arrows, m² s⁻²) and mean over 160–240°E. The PV (2PVU) tropopause heights are plotted in red and blue lines for EN and LN, respectively. (j,k,l) Represent same as (d,e,f), but for PV and mean over 160–240°E. The maps in the figure are generated using the MATLAB software (Version: R2012b (8.0.0.783) & http://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/?s_tid=srchtitle).