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. 2017 Sep 20;7:11987. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12278-7

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Vertical profile of PV during EN and LN. Scatter plots of PV between 5–20°N (mean over 160–240°E) from ERA interim as a function of height, during EN (red open circles) and LN (blue open circles) phases. The red and blue lines indicate the PV (PVU), mean over the region mentioned above, for EN and LN, respectively. It indicates the depth and strength of the intrusions.