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. 2017 Sep 20;7:11969. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10583-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Examples of structural (a–c) and biological (d–g) contexts in which both duplex and quadruplex elements exist in close spatial proximity. (a) A quadruplex immediately up-/downstream of a duplex. (b) A quadruplex-duplex hybrid. (c) A quadruplex and a duplex formed by distinct strands. (d) Formation of quadruplexes at the telomere end. (e) Formation of a quadruplex during replication. (f) Formation of a quadruplex at the transcription start site. (g) Formation of a DNA-RNA quadruplex-duplex hybrid during transcription. The RNA transcript is shown in red.