Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants.
| Variables | Total | Male | Female | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-DM | DM | P | Non-DM | DM | P | ||
| n (%) | 3098 | 698 | 769 | — | 929 | 702 | — |
| Age (years) | 54 (42–61) | 50 (39–60) | 54 (45–61) | <0.001 | 51 (36–60) | 58 (51–63) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.3 (22.2–26.7) | 24.5 (22.4–26.8) | 25.3 (23.4–27.5) | <0.001 | 23.3 (21.4–25.7) | 24.2 (22.1–26.7) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 130 (119–142) | 130 (120–140) | 132 (121–143) | 0.023 | 125 (114–139) | 135 (123–147) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80 (72–86) | 80 (74–88) | 82 (75–88) | 0.067 | 76 (68–83) | 80 (73–86) | <0.001 |
| 1,5-AG (μg/mL) | 16.5 (11.2–23.1) | 22.2 (16.7–28.5) | 11.3 (6.8–16.4) | <0.001 | 19.3 (14.4–25.1) | 13.6 (8.8–18.5) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.0 (5.6–6.5) | 5.7 (5.4–5.9) | 6.6 (6.2–7.2) | <0.001 | 5.6 (5.3–5.9) | 6.5 (6.1–6.9) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 38 (34–44) | 35 (32–37) | 45 (40–51) | <0.001 | 34 (31–37) | 44 (39–48) | <0.001 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 6.0 (5.4–6.9) | 5.6 (5.2–6.0) | 7.0 (6.3–7.8) | <0.001 | 5.4 (5.0–5.8) | 6.8 (6.1–7.5) | <0.001 |
| 2hPG (mmol/L) | 9.9 (7.4–13.4) | 8.0 (6.4–9.4) | 13.9 (12.0–16.3) | <0.001 | 7.4 (6.1–8.8) | 13.3 (11.8–15.6) | <0.001 |
| FDR, n (%) | 1372 (44.3) | 268 (38.4) | 329 (42.8) | 0.049 | 421 (45.3) | 354 (50.4) | 0.023 |
Data were expressed as median (interquartile range), or n (%). Abbreviation: 1,5-AG: 1,5-anhydroglucitol; 2hPG: 2-hour postload plasma glucose; BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; FDR: first degree relative with diabetes; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HbA 1c: glycated hemoglobin A1c; Non-DM: non-diabetes mellitus.