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. 2017 Sep 20;7:12028. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11086-3

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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NH treatment has short- and long-term neuroprotective effects in the preclinical model. (A) Left, Representative microphotographs of ventral horns of root-avulsed spinal cords stained with fluorescent Nissl, which specifically labels MNs, at 21 dpi post RA and 1 week post RE (short term) or at 6 month post RE (long term) from RA injured untreated animals (sham RE) or NeuroHeal-treated animals (NH and RE + NH). Right, Bar graphs showing the average percentage of surviving MNs ± SEM on the injured side with respect to the contralateral side. (B–D) Left, Representative microphotographs of ventral horns from injured animals with labeled microglia (Iba1), astrocytes (GFAP), at low (top) and high magnification (below), or chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), respectively. Right, Histograms of the averaged immunoreactivity in the fixed region of interest at the ventral horn from different groups (n = 4 for each group, ANOVA, post hoc Bonferroni, *p < 0.05 RE + NH vs. Sham RE or RE). Scale bar = 100 µm.