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. 2017 Sep 20;7:12022. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12363-x

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Droplet imaging and 3D reconstruction to measure anisotropic stresses. (A) 3D rendering of a confocal z-stack of a droplet coated with Alexa-Fluor 633 streptavidin (red) and RGD peptide embedded within a 3D cell aggregate of tooth mesenchymal cells (green). Scale bar, 20 μm. (B) Mean curvature map of the droplet’s surface obtained from 3D reconstruction of confocal images. (C) Sketch showing the definition of anisotropic stresses as the difference in normal stresses between two points at the droplet’s surface, each associated with a different spatial direction. While not measured with droplets, a sketch depicting isotropic stresses is also shown for clarity. (D) Distribution of measured values of anisotropic stresses for a single droplet and obtained from the stress anisotropy values of every pair of points on the droplet’s surface.