Killing activity of filter-sterilized P. aeruginosa supernatants on S. aureus cells. #: below detection level (103 CFU ml−1) (a). Fitness assay comparing the ability of evolved and constructed P. aeruginosa mutants to invade the ancestor strain, starting from a 1:100 ratio, in the presence or absence of a pre-established S. aureus population (b). Statistical significance was determined using paired Student t-tests (*: P<0.05, **: P<0.01, ***: P<0.001; ns, not significant).