FIG 3.

DHMA induces expression of virulence genes in EHEC 86-24 in a QseC-dependent manner. The increase in the expression of LEE and non-LEE virulence genes upon exposure to DHMA (left) or NE (right) was determined by qRT-PCR. Untreated cultures were used as controls, and the housekeeping gene rpoA was used to normalize the data. The means and the standard errors of the means are shown for three biological replicates with two experimental replicates each. *, **, and #, statistical significance of the fold change in expression by the wild type (WT) relative to that by the mutant using Student's t test at significance levels of P < 0.1, 0.05, and 0.01, respectively.