Table 1.
Characteristics of participants (Mean±SD or percent)
| Characteristic | Overall (N=97) |
White (N=49) |
Black (N=44) |
p-value for racial diff. 1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic | ||||
| Age (years) | 74.2±7.0 | 75.9±7.3 | 72.1±5.3 | 0.01 |
| Education (years) | 16.3±3.0 | 17.5±2.5 | 14.9±3.1 | <0.001 |
| Annual income<$50,000 | 48.4 | 35.4 | 60.5 | 0.02 |
| Married or living with partner | 36.1 | 36.7 | 34.1 | 0.79 |
| Living alone | 48.5 | 63.3 | 31.8 | 0.002 |
| Health and healthcare | ||||
| CESD Depression Scale | 7.7±6.6 | 7.5±6.5 | 7.6±6.9 | 0.94 |
| Beck Anxiety Scale | 5.5±6.6 | 6.3±6.9 | 4.8±6.5 | 0.05 |
| Number of comorbid conditions 2 | 1.7±1.1 | 1.6±1.2 | 1.7±1.1 | 0.94 |
| Currently taking ≥2 medications 3 | 39.6 | 37.5 | 43.2 | 0.58 |
| Heart or circulatory condition | 60.8 | 51.0 | 68.2 | 0.09 |
| Diabetes | 23.7 | 12.2 | 34.1 | 0.01 |
| Respiratory disease | 13.4 | 12.2 | 15.9 | 0.61 |
| Cancer | 4.1 | 6.1 | 2.3 | 0.36 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 5.2 | 2.0 | 9.1 | 0.13 |
| Osteoarthritis | 22.7 | 30.6 | 13.6 | 0.05 |
| Osteoporosis | 10.3 | 18.4 | 2.3 | 0.01 |
| Poor vision | 8.2 | 12.2 | 2.3 | 0.07 |
| Physical limitations (ADL) | 3.1 | 4.1 | 2.3 | 0.62 |
| Hospitalized in past 3 mos. | 5.2 | 2.0 | 9.1 | 0.13 |
| No. of indoor falls in past 6 mos. | 0.1±0.4 | 0.2±0.4 | 0.1±0.4 | 0.18 |
| No. of outdoor falls in past 6 mos. | 0.2±0.4 | 0.3±0.4 | 0.1±0.3 | 0.01 |
| Lifestyle | ||||
| Current smoker | 7.2 | 6.1 | 6.8 | 0.89 |
| Weekly frequency of alcohol | 1.6±2.1 | 2.6±2.4 | 0.7±1.3 | <0.001 |
| Paid or volunteer employment | 15.6 | 16.3 | 16.3 | 1.00 |
| Physical activity (daily steps) | 4462±2798 | 5457±2989 | 3256±1917 | <0.001 |
| Weekly frequency of exercise activities | 22.4±10.9 | 25.2±11.8 | 19.7± 8.7 | 0.02 |
1
Chi2 test for categorical variables and Wilcoxon rank sum test for continuous variables.
2
Number of comorbidities from the following list: heart or circulatory conditions (stroke, ischemic attack, high blood pressure); respiratory (asthma, COPD); cancer or malignant tumor; rheumatoid arthritis (not including rheumatism); intestine or colon polyps or adenomas; gallbladder disease or gallstones; systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus); kidney or bladder stones (renal or urinary calculi); diabetes; cataracts; glaucoma; osteoporosis (weak or brittle bones); and osteoarthritis.
3
Medications taken for any of the comorbid conditions listed.