Table 2.
FFQ- and 24 hour recall-based daily energy and nutrient intakes by race
| FFQ | 24-HR | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | Black | P for diff. |
White | Black | P for diff. |
|||||
| Energy and nutrient intake | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
| Energy intake | ||||||||||
| Total Energy (kcal) | 1379 | 441 | 1325 | 531 | 0.61 | 1529 | 448 | 1314 | 404 | 0.02 |
| % Calories from Carbohydrate | 49.2 | 11.3 | 52.0 | 10.9 | 0.26 | 46.8 | 7.5 | 45.5 | 7.5 | 0.41 |
| % Calories from Protein | 17.2 | 4.2 | 17.9 | 4.4 | 0.41 | 17.6 | 4.2 | 19.4 | 4.3 | 0.04 |
| % Calories from Fat | 33.0 | 12.6 | 32.4 | 7.8 | 0.81 | 31.8 | 7.0 | 34.9 | 6.4 | 0.03 |
| % Calories from SFA | 9.3 | 2.7 | 9.2 | 2.9 | 0.75 | 10.5 | 3.6 | 10.1 | 2.7 | 0.52 |
| % Calories from MUFA | 11.7 | 3.7 | 11.8 | 2.8 | 0.91 | 11.7 | 3.1 | 13.1 | 3.0 | 0.03 |
| % Calories from PUFA | 7.8 | 2.0 | 8.5 | 2.4 | 0.15 | 7.0 | 2.3 | 8.6 | 2.9 | 0.003 |
| % Calories from Trans FA | 0.8 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.4 | <0.001 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.8 | <0.001 |
| Macronutrients | ||||||||||
| Total Grams | 2579 | 1070 | 2575 | 1260 | 0.99 | 2470 | 624 | 2472 | 975 | 0.99 |
| Total Carbohydrate (g) | 163.3 | 72.5 | 159.1 | 71.9 | 0.79 | 187.5 | 60.7 | 151.9 | 48.6 | 0.003 |
| Glycemic load based on available carb | 69.4 | 31.9 | 73.5 | 37.2 | 0.59 | 91.4 | 33.7 | 81.5 | 27.9 | 0.13 |
| Cholesterol (mg) | 189.9 | 157.3 | 186.1 | 181.7 | 0.92 | 197.5 | 100.1 | 224.8 | 106.4 | 0.21 |
| Total Fat (g) | 45.5 | 19.4 | 45.6 | 26.7 | 0.99 | 56.6 | 23.7 | 54.3 | 23.8 | 0.65 |
| Soluble Dietary Fiber (g) | 5.6 | 2.6 | 4.5 | 1.9 | 0.02 | 6.9 | 2.8 | 4.5 | 2.0 | <0.001 |
| Insoluble Dietary Fiber (g) | 13.7 | 6.9 | 11.4 | 5.6 | 0.11 | 15.9 | 6.5 | 10.8 | 6.9 | <0.001 |
| Total Dietary Fiber (g) | 19.3 | 9.2 | 15.9 | 6.7 | 0.06 | 22.9 | 8.5 | 15.3 | 8.1 | <0.001 |
| Dietary Folate Equivalents (mcg) | 413.9 | 178.6 | 397.9 | 221.5 | 0.71 | 473.2 | 200.1 | 337.3 | 170.8 | 0.001 |
| Natural Folate (food folate) (mcg) | 240.4 | 105.1 | 216.1 | 129.7 | 0.34 | 249.0 | 94.2 | 181.6 | 89.1 | 0.001 |
| Synthetic Folate (folic acid) (mcg) | 102.1 | 79.9 | 106.9 | 101.8 | 0.81 | 131.8 | 109.2 | 91.6 | 81.0 | 0.05 |
| Fructose (g) | 18.4 | 11.0 | 23.5 | 19.8 | 0.14 | 18.9 | 9.6 | 18.0 | 10.2 | 0.67 |
| Galactose (g) | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.56 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.76 |
| Glucose (g) | 17.9 | 9.8 | 22.0 | 17.2 | 0.17 | 17.4 | 8.9 | 17.5 | 8.5 | 0.94 |
| Lactose (g) | 12.3 | 15.0 | 8.9 | 8.4 | 0.22 | 9.7 | 7.9 | 5.0 | 3.7 | 0.001 |
| Sucrose (g) | 29.5 | 16.2 | 24.1 | 12.3 | 0.09 | 31.6 | 17.5 | 25.9 | 16.4 | 0.11 |
| Total Sugars (g) | 81.0 | 39.5 | 80.7 | 45.2 | 0.97 | 80.0 | 31.6 | 68.5 | 30.0 | 0.08 |
| Animal Protein (g) | 36.0 | 20.3 | 38.2 | 28.5 | 0.68 | 41.7 | 13.6 | 43.1 | 16.3 | 0.66 |
| Vegetable Protein (g) | 21.3 | 10.6 | 18.3 | 9.9 | 0.18 | 23.3 | 7.6 | 18.3 | 9.9 | 0.007 |
| Total Protein (g) | 57.3 | 26.8 | 56.5 | 33.8 | 0.90 | 65.0 | 17.0 | 61.4 | 18.6 | 0.33 |
| Total Trans-Fatty Acids (TRANS) (g) | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 0.01 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 0.063 |
| Total Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA) (g) | 13.6 | 6.5 | 12.7 | 7.3 | 0.55 | 18.6 | 9.2 | 15.7 | 7.2 | 0.10 |
| Omega-3 Fatty Acids (g) | 1.2 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.25 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 0.47 |
| Total Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA) (g) | 16.7 | 7.3 | 16.6 | 9.8 | 0.97 | 20.7 | 9.6 | 20.5 | 10.3 | 0.90 |
| Total Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (g) | 11.2 | 4.9 | 12.2 | 8.1 | 0.48 | 12.7 | 5.9 | 13.5 | 7.3 | 0.54 |
| Polyunsaturated to Saturated Fat Ratio | 0.9 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.15 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.05 |
| Alcohol (g) | 8.3 | 10.2 | 1.4 | 3.5 | <0.001 | 8.6 | 11.3 | 0.5 | 1.9 | <0.001 |
| Micronutrients | ||||||||||
| Beta-Carotene (provitamin A carotenoid) (mcg) | 6511 | 5722 | 5067 | 4159 | 0.19 | 5178 | 3942 | 4747 | 4855 | 0.64 |
| Caffeine (mg) | 152.0 | 102.1 | 118.8 | 142.5 | 0.21 | 152.5 | 117.2 | 52.4 | 61.3 | <0.001 |
| Calcium (mg) | 751.5 | 491.7 | 617.6 | 328.5 | 0.15 | 743.1 | 244.1 | 587.8 | 181.8 | 0.001 |
| Iron (mg) | 10.8 | 4.8 | 10.4 | 6.5 | 0.72 | 12.6 | 5.2 | 9.5 | 3.7 | 0.002 |
| Lutein + Zeaxanthin (mcg) | 4751 | 5343 | 4914 | 6294 | 0.90 | 2938 | 2592 | 5266 | 6352 | 0.02 |
| Lycopene (mcg) | 4905 | 4057 | 3503 | 2420 | 0.06 | 3087 | 3275 | 3017 | 6218 | 0.95 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 277.6 | 122.8 | 239.9 | 100.8 | 0.13 | 304.6 | 93.4 | 238.0 | 92.9 | 0.001 |
| Potassium (mg) | 2506 | 1072 | 2146 | 889 | 0.10 | 2646 | 772 | 2004 | 704 | <0.001 |
| Selenium (mcg) | 84.7 | 36.1 | 84.3 | 56.9 | 0.96 | 95.7 | 41.1 | 88.1 | 24.4 | 0.29 |
| Sodium (mg) | 2204 | 1007 | 2082 | 1041 | 0.58 | 2161 | 808 | 2098 | 737 | 0.70 |
| Total Vitamin A activity (International Units) (IU) | 13015 | 10486 | 10649 | 8315 | 0.26 | 11010 | 7469 | 9579 | 8417 | 0.39 |
| Thiamin (vitamin B1) (mg) | 1.1 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.64 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.003 |
| Vitamin B-6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxyl, pyridoxamine) (mg) | 1.6 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 0.69 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 0.04 |
| Vitamin B-12 (cobalamin) (mcg) | 4.1 | 2.4 | 5.6 | 9.7 | 0.30 | 4.6 | 2.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 0.94 |
| Total Folate (mcg) | 342.5 | 137.3 | 323.1 | 168.9 | 0.56 | 380.9 | 137.3 | 273.2 | 125.8 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) (mg) | 107.1 | 60.5 | 96.9 | 64.5 | 0.45 | 110.2 | 65.3 | 76.7 | 60.1 | 0.01 |
| Vitamin D (calciferol) (mcg) | 5.5 | 4.1 | 4.8 | 4.4 | 0.43 | 5.9 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 3.0 | 0.05 |
| Vitamin E (International Units) (IU) | 12.6 | 5.9 | 11.6 | 9.4 | 0.52 | 13.5 | 6.9 | 11.0 | 7.8 | 0.11 |
| Vitamin K (phylloquinone) (mcg) | 212.7 | 219.4 | 226.4 | 261.6 | 0.79 | 163.9 | 121.6 | 287.5 | 330.8 | 0.02 |
| Water (g) | 2307 | 987 | 2320 | 1204 | 0.96 | 2160 | 588 | 2218 | 958 | 0.72 |
1
Sample sizes for FFQ measures: N=49 Whites and 38 Blacks except for Calories, and Calories from MFAs. PFAs, and TFAs where N=46 Whites and 35 Blacks.
2
Sample sizes for 24HR measures: N=49 Whites and 44 Blacks for all variables.