Table 4.
Racial differences in 24HR-FFQ discrepancies in energy and nutrient intakes
| Energy and nutrient intake | Raw discrepancies (mean±SD)) $ | Percent discrepancies# |
White-Black differences in percent disc. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude | Adjusted | |||||||
| White | Black | White | Black | Age | Income, education |
Age, inc. and edu. |
||
| Energy intake | ||||||||
| Total Calories (kcal) | 176.9 ±450.1 | −19.5 ±570.3 | 21.3 | 34.4 | −13.1** | −14.6** | −12.8* | −14.2* |
| % Calories from Carbohydrate | −2.4 ±11.6 | −6.7 ±10.2 | 15.2 | 22.4 | −7.2 | −5.6 | −3.9 | −2.0 |
| % Calories from Protein | 0.5 ±3.9 | 1.8 ±5.1 | 17.3 | 21.8 | −4.5 | −4.7 | −2.1 | −2.0 |
| % Calories from Fat | −1.1 ±12.4 | 2.6 ±7.1 | 20.2 | 16.5 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 12.3 | 12.3 |
| % Calories from SFA | 1.2 ±2.9 | 1.2 ±2.6 | 23.3 | 21.8 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 5.8 | 5.1 |
| % Calories from MUFA | 0.1 ±3.2 | 1.2 ±2.9 | 20.3 | 18.4 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 6.1 | 6.6 |
| % Calories from PUFA | −0.7 ±2.4 | 0.1 ±2.8 | 33.0 | 28.9 | 4.1 | 2.0 | 5.1 | 2.8 |
| % Calories from Trans FA | 0 ±0.4 | 0.2 ±0.8 | 47.2 | 60.2 | −13.0 | −14.2 | −10.3 | −11.1 |
| Macronutrients | ||||||||
| Total Grams | −109.1 ±932.4 | −180.5 ±1538.4 | 30.8 | 51.2 | −20.4* | −21.1* | −16.3 | −16.8 |
| Total Carbohydrate (g) | 24.2 ±64.3 | −9 ±76.5 | 25.7 | 43.3 | −17.6* | −17.9* | −12.8 | −12.4 |
| Glycemic load based on available carb | 21.9 ±33.1 | 7.8 ±39 | 30.8 | 39.1 | −8.3 | −8.0 | −5.9 | −5.1 |
| Cholesterol (mg) | 7.7 ±136.8 | 47.6 ±203.2 | 48.5 | 63.2 | −14.7 | −19.2 | −5.2 | −9.9 |
| Total Fat (g) | 11.1 ±21.2 | 7.9 ±27.8 | 29.4 | 43.8 | −14.4* | −16.2** | −11.0 | −12.9* |
| Soluble Dietary Fiber (g) | 1.3 ±2.8 | 0 ±2.2 | 29.3 | 41.6 | −12.3* | −11.9* | −7.3 | −6.5 |
| Insoluble Dietary Fiber (g) | 2.2 ±6.1 | −1.1 ±6.5 | 29.1 | 61.6 | −32.5** | −30.8* | −24.8 | −22.7 |
| Total Dietary Fiber (g) | 3.6 ±7.9 | −1.1 ±8.2 | 27.0 | 51.9 | −24.9** | −23.6** | −18.1* | −16.5 |
| Dietary Folate Equivalents (mcg) | 59.3 ±220.4 | −72.7 ±242.6 | 31.0 | 62.3 | −31.3* | −30.1* | −27.1 | −25.5 |
| Natural Folate (food folate) (mcg) | 8.7 ±88.7 | −39 ±125.9 | 29.6 | 58.2 | −28.6** | −31.7** | −20.0 | −23.4 |
| Synthetic Folate (folic acid) (mcg) | 29.7 ±119.6 | −19.8 ±107.4 | 122.5 | 140.7 | −18.2 | 5.4 | −53.3 | −26.2 |
| Fructose (g) | 0.4 ±11.1 | −6.8 ±20.5 | 47.3 | 100.5 | −53.2 | −49.9 | −32.2 | −25.3 |
| Galactose (g) | 0 ±0.6 | 0 ±0.9 | 5944 | 1882 | 4062 | 3414 | 1119 | 563 |
| Glucose (g) | −0.5 ±10.3 | −5.4 ±16.5 | 46.4 | 71.6 | −25.2 | −23.2 | −15.1 | −11.7 |
| Lactose (g) | −2.6 ±11.4 | −3.9 ±8.1 | 117 | 2546 | −2428 | −2212 | −3369 | −3077 |
| Sucrose (g) | 2.1 ±16.8 | 2.6 ±18.9 | 42.8 | 72.5 | −29.7* | −33.5* | −20.9 | −24.4 |
| Total Sugars (g) | −0.9 ±35.4 | −13.8 ±46.6 | 32.4 | 62.6 | −30.2* | −30.9* | −20.2 | −20.1 |
| Animal Protein (g) | 5.7 ±16.2 | 6.3 ±31.3 | 32.7 | 56.1 | −23.4* | −27.3** | −21.5* | −26.4* |
| Vegetable Protein (g) | 2 ±9.3 | −1 ±11.3 | 28.1 | 46.8 | −18.7* | −18.8* | −13.9 | −13.4 |
| Total Protein (g) | 7.7 ±22.2 | 5.4 ±36.1 | 27.0 | 43.2 | −16.2* | −18.7* | −13.8 | −16.9* |
| Total Trans-Fatty Acids (TRANS) (g) | 0.3 ±1.1 | 0.5 ±1.8 | 52.9 | 70.4 | −17.5 | −19.5 | −13.6 | −16.2 |
| Total Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA) (g) | 4.9 ±7.3 | 3.2 ±8.4 | 35.7 | 46.5 | −10.8 | −12.1 | −8.4 | −9.7 |
| Total Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA) (g) | 4.1 ±9.2 | 3.2 ±10.2 | 31.4 | 43.1 | −11.7* | −13.1* | −7.2 | −8.6 |
| Total Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (g) | 1.5 ±5.6 | 0.9 ±8.5 | 32.7 | 52.8 | −20.1* | −23.5* | −9.9 | −14.1 |
| Omega-3 Fatty Acids (g) | 0.4 ±0.9 | 0.1 ±1.1 | 42.5 | 57.5 | −15.0 | −19.8 | −6.2 | −11.8 |
| Polyunsaturated to Saturated Fat Ratio | −0.1 ±0.4 | 0 ±0.3 | 51.0 | 31.4 | 19.6 | 11.7 | 21.7 | 15.1 |
| Alcohol (g) | 0.3 ±8.9 | −1.2 ±3.5 | 7621 | 2749 | 4873 | 4224 | 2507 | 1185 |
| Micronutrient | ||||||||
| Beta-Carotene (provitamin A carotenoid) (mcg) | −1332.6 ±5013.5 | −307.1 ±5592.5 | 124.9 | 215.5 | −90.6 | −79.0 | −35.6 | −20.1 |
| Caffeine (mg) | 0.5 ±120.8 | −59.2 ±149.3 | 191.9 | 782.8 | −590.9* | −602.6* | −718.4** | −770.9** |
| Calcium (mg) | −8.4 ±391.2 | −38.7 ±367.1 | 33.7 | 52.2 | −18.5 | −16.6 | −18.0 | −15.6 |
| Iron (mg) | 1.8 ±6.3 | −1 ±7.2 | 35.0 | 54.0 | −19.0 | −19.1 | −16.4 | −16.4 |
| Lutein + Zeaxanthin (mcg) | −1812.8 ±4466.3 | 265.9 ±8551.2 | 126.7 | 172.7 | −46.0 | −35.6 | −10.1 | 5.6 |
| Lycopene (mcg) | −1818.2 ±4197.9 | −506.8 ±6665 | 487.6 | 5954 | −5466 | −4291 | −7972 | −6904 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 27 ±100.9 | −10.8 ±109.1 | 25.2 | 41.5 | −16.3** | −17.8** | −10.8 | −12.1 |
| Potassium (mg) | 140.8 ±933.5 | −179.3 ±961.6 | 26.9 | 42.4 | −15.5* | −16.0* | −11.4 | −11.9 |
| Selenium (mcg) | 10.9 ±49 | 6 ±59.1 | 32.7 | 50.5 | −17.8 | −21.6* | −12.0 | −17.0 |
| Sodium (mg) | −43 ±1203 | 36.1 ±1157.9 | 40.1 | 50.3 | −10.2 | −12.4 | −8.6 | −11.7 |
| Total Vitamin A Activity (IU) | −2005.5 ±9456.7 | −971.9 ±10758 | 87.2 | 148.0 | −60.8* | −54.4 | −27.0 | −18.3 |
| Thiamin (vitamin B1) (mg) | 0.2 ±0.6 | −0.1 ±0.7 | 30.5 | 53.4 | −22.9* | −21.8 | −20.1 | −18.4 |
| Vitamin B-6 (mg) | 0.2 ±0.7 | −0.1 ±1.0 | 29.2 | 49.7 | −20.5** | −19.1* | −15.0 | −13.3 |
| Vitamin B-12 (cobalamin) (mcg) | 0.5 ±2.8 | −0.8 ±10.7 | 47.8 | 120.1 | −72.3 | −87.1* | −55.4 | −72.8 |
| Total Folate (mcg) | 38.4 ±147.6 | −58.8 ±181.9 | 25.8 | 58.3 | −32.5** | −33.2** | −26.2 | −26.8 |
| Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) (mg) | 3.1 ±65.4 | −24.6 ±65.4 | 53.3 | 111.3 | −58.0* | −58.7* | −51.1 | −49.5 |
| Vitamin D (calciferol) (mcg) | 0.3 ±4.8 | −0.4 ±5.3 | 83.9 | 112.5 | −28.6 | −22.1 | −27.1 | −19.9 |
| Vitamin E (International Units) (IU) | 0.8 ±8.8 | −1.3 ±9.2 | 51.3 | 60.6 | −9.3 | −10.7 | 0.4 | −1.1 |
| Vitamin K (phylloquinone) (mcg) | −48.8 ±176 | 47.7 ±400.5 | 83.0 | 106.1 | −23.1 | −20.2 | 6.8 | 11.6 |
| Water (g) | −147.5 ±858.1 | −177.7 ±1469.1 | 33.5 | 54.6 | −21.1 | −21.7 | −16.7 | −17.1 |
$
Raw discrepancy = 24HR-FFQ.
#
Percent discrepancy = [absolute value (100*(24HR-FFQ)/24HR))]. IU = International Units.
Vitamin B-6 includes pyridoxine, pyridoxyl and pyridoxamine.
*
p<0.05
**
p<0.01.