Table 4.

Adjusted^* Association between lagged 3-month rolling adherence to COPD Maintenance Medications and Antidepressants and Emergency Department Visits or All-Cause Hospitalizations Using Adherence Levels of <0.8 and ≥0.80 Relative to Zero Adherence among Medicare Beneficiaries diagnosed with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Depression between 2006 and 2011 with ≥2 prescription fills for COPD maintenance medications and ≥ 2 prescription fills for antidepressants, n=16,075

	Emergency Department Visits	Hospitalizations
	Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)	Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)
COPD Maintenance
0	Reference	Reference
<0.8	0.70 (0.67, 0.74)	0.73 (0.70, 0.77)
≥0.8	0.79 (0.74, 0.83)	0.82 (0.78, 0.87)
Antidepressants
0	Reference	Reference
<0.8	0.72 (0.68, 0.76)	0.77 (0.72, 0.82)
≥0.8	0.74 (0.70, 0.78)	0.77 (0.73, 0.81)

^*Models adjusted for months since COPD diagnosis, age, sex, race, percent of the county population with a high school diploma, median household income (county), acute myocardial infarction, Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias, asthma, atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease, cancer, heart failure, hip fracture, history of depression, ischemic heart disease, stroke, more than one chronic condition, an indicator variable for preventive health measures, polypharmacy, and lagged measures of oxygen use, acute inhaler use, and nursing home residence.